The making of a nation

1. The making of a nation Gradual setting in Britain, the Christianisation, the religious movements of reform, the growth of Middle English and the first English literature Liceo Artistico Serpieri Classi terze Michelangelo Anno scolastico 2007-2008 Docente Cinzia Tizzi

2. The CeltsListen to the dictation and try to complete the task.What did the word druid mean?What should the druid possess?What were the druid capable of?Could a woman become a druid? The druids administered religion, justice and the education of the young. Celts had four great festivals: • Samhain (on 1st of November) with the hitting of the sacred fire and the sacrifice of the animals on that night the dead came and met the living people. • Imbolc (on the 1st of February) was the spring holiday • Beltane at the beginning of May was on the occasion of the moving of the cattle and it was rich in dances and fertility rituals • Lughnasadh the feast of the harvest held on the 1st of August in which the tribes met and held assembly. Mistletoe was their magic plant because it is the only tree that has flowers in winter, for that reason it became the symbol of immortality, if the druids could find it on an oak, the same plant had even magical powers and it could save and cure illness.

3. The Desborough Mirror The Desborough Mirror is an example of Celtic mirrors, it displays a variety of ornamental design and metamorphosis.  Amazingly, these mirrors are insular, therefore, the decoration did not travel to the main continent, but they received influence from Roman art. The Celtic Mirrors are rather ambiguous objects.  How exactly does a mirror reflect an image?  It's magic!  Celts were not concerned with the physics behind the mirror.  They were obsessed with magic as well as personal beauty.  In a pagan culture, such as the Celtic culture, magic plays an important role in everyday society.  Celts believed magic influenced individual decisions as well as interfere with their surroundings.    Basically, an image staring back from the mirror is a doppelgänger (German for "double goer").  This image has the capability to foretell the fate of an individual and they allowed a Celt to attain physical beauty.  For this reason, perhaps, mirrors were not merely limited to wealthy Celts. 

4. The Mildenhall Treasure is a major hoard of thirty-three Roman silver objects found in the Mildenhall area of the English county of Suffolk. The hoard was discovered in January 1942 by a Suffolk ploughman, Gordon Butcher, who removed it from the ground with help from Sydney Ford. They did not recognise the objects for what they were, and it was some years before the hoard came to the attention of the authorities. In 1946 the discovery was made public and the treasure was acquired by the British Museum in London. The treasure is believed to have been buried in the 4th century. It includes some of the finest surviving examples of Roman silversmith, including the mid-4th century Great Dish of Bacchus which measures 605 mm in diameter and weighs 8256 g. The dish glorifies Bacchus and is decorated with a wide band showing a Bacchus revel, at the heart of which is a drinking contest between Bacchus and Hercules, who is shown dead drunk and having to be supported. An inner band of nereids surrounds a foliated head of the sea god. Although the vast majority of the decoration is classical, three spoons bear the Chi-Rho symbol of Christ, and the Alpha & Omega, a biblical reference to Christ as "the beginning and end". The treasure is thought to be of Mediterranean origin.

5. Sutton Hoo, near Woodbridge, Suffolk, England, is the site of two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries of the 6th and early 7th centuries, one of which contained an undisturbed ship burial including a wealth of artefacts of outstanding art-historical and archaeological significance. Sutton Hoo is of a primary importance to early medieval historians because it sheds light on a period of English history which is on the margin between myth, legend and historical documentation. Use of the site culminated at a time when the ruler (Raedwald) of East Anglia held senior power among the English, and played a dynamic (if ambiguous) part in the establishment of Christian ruler ship in England. It is central to understanding of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of East Anglia and of the period in a wider perspective. The ship-burial, excavated in 1939, is one of the most magnificent archaeological finds in England for its size and completeness, the far-reaching connections, quality and beauty of its contents, and for the profound interest of the burial ritual. Although it is the ship-burial which commands the widest attention from tourists, there is also rich historical meaning in the two separate cemeteries, their position in relation to the Deben estuary and the North Sea and their relation to other sites in the immediate neighbourhood.

6. Now many an earl Of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral Fain the life of their lord to shield, Their praised prince if power were theirs Never they knew, as they neared the foe, Hardy-hearted heroes of war, Aiming their swords on every side The accursed to kill, no keenest blade. No fairest of falchionsfashioned on earth could harm or hurt that hideous fiend! Hrothgar, king of Denemark, suffered while his kingdom was being attacked by a monster called Grandel, who was protected by a magic spell and could not be hurt by weapons made by man. Beowulf who was very strong and brave heard about Grendel and decided to help Hrothgar. At night Grendel entered the castle and killed Beowulf’s sleeping men. Beowulf, unarmed, fought the monster and he tore out one of Grendel’s arm, Grendel escaped but Grendel’s mother came to avenge her son. She carried off the torn off arm, while Beowulf followed her blood trail, he fought Grendel’s mother killing her with an old sword he had found inside a cavern in the lake, where she had taken refuge. Beowulf Old English: Anglo- Saxon Runes ancient Germanic alphabet used in Northern Europe, Scandinavia, The British isles and Iceland follower willing enemy Beowulf AD 800, which dealt with the Germanic ancestors The Danes and the Geats (two Scandinavian tribes) The Christian influence was added during the transcription is near to the Nibelungs saga

7. …Now manyan earl Of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral Fain the life of their lord to shield, Their praised prince if power were theirs Never they knew, as they neared the foe, Hardy-hearted heroes of war, Aiming their swords on every side The accursed to kill, no keenest blade. No fairest of falchionsfashioned on earth could harm or hurt that hideous fiend! Then came from the moor, under the mist-hills Grendel stalking, he bore God’s anger. Alliteration: repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning or at the middle of two or more words. Anglo-Saxon poetry was recited often accompanied by music in front of an audience. Alliteration gave the language a musical quality Kennings were metaphorical phrases that are used instead a noun. For example ship = sea wood/ wave floater Formulae or Stock-imageswere widely used to compound a noun or synonyms for Words often repeated, examples are “ snow-white skin”. Today in many pop songs we can find “come on, everybody” or “ooh Baby” Weapons are the status symbol of the warriors Only men of the upper classes could possess a weapon Slaves and servants were not allowed to have them They were often personalised and handed down A feature which regulated the rhythm of Anglo- Saxon poetry is the caesura in original transcript is marked by a space, here in Gunmere translation it is represented by a comma, or a semicolon or a full stop Everything in the passage reveals the heroic, warlike quality of Beowulf and his followers The hero is the strongest among strong men and even their ships, swords and armour share the same ideal of strength. The armour gleans in the sun and makes a dreadful noise. Notice that unlike the classical epics such as Iliad or Aeneid Beowulf is not introduced directly by naming him but with a traditional epithet “Hygelac’s thane” which means noble warrior son of Hygelac.

9. On the morning of the battle, 14th October 1066, William, in full armour, is about to mount his horse. William’s Norman cavalry gallops off to face Harold’s English soldiers. The Normans seem to be getting the upper hand as the battle continues. Many more soldiers die, one appears to be having his head cut off. On the right is the best known scene in the Tapestry: the Normans killing King Harold. But how is Harold killed? He seems to be shown twice: first plucking an arrow from his eye, and then being hacked down by a Norman knight. The tapestry is difficult to interpret here, but the second figure is probably Harold being killed.

10. Listen to the interview and complete the exercises: • Note down the number of native speakers… • The number of second language speakers… • The number of foreign language speakers • Fields of application Complete the following sentences with the missing words of phrases: By the 10th century…. Dialect became the official language of Britain It was written in an alphabet called… The Latin alphabet was introduced by… The Germanic plural form was replaced by… Middle English became dominant in… In modern English the –th of some verb form became…

11. At a glance ~ Late 14th - early 16th century~ Strong vertical lines~ Flying Buttress (contrafforte) ~ Very large windows with elaborate tracery~ Fan vaulting (Volte a ventaglio) ~ Hammer beam roofs(volta a capriate inglesi) • The style we know as Perpendicular Gothic is the final phase of Gothic architecture in England, after the Early English and Decorated periods, and it lasted by far the longest of the three periods, stretching from the late 14th until the early 16th century. • As its name suggests, the chief characteristic of Perpendicular architecture is the emphasis on strong vertical lines, seen most markedly in window tracery and wall panelling. Roof vaulting became elaborate and ornate, with a multitude of vaulting ribs spreading outwards in a fan shape, ornamented with pendants and cross-ribs that served a purely decorative function. Perhaps the finest examples of Perpendicular fan vaulting survive at King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446-1515) • Another notable characteristic of Perpendicular Gothic are the superb hammer beam roofs, where advances in joinery and a better understanding of how to distribute the load of ceiling weight allowed roofs which spanned great open spaces. • Although the timbers which made up the supporting elements in hammer beam roofs were structural, they were also used as ornamental elements. The meeting places of timbers were often adorned with pendants or fanciful carvings, and the timbers themselves were often painted and gilded.

12. Windows were the "artist's palette" of the Perpendicular builders; because of advances in the use of the pointed arch and supporting elements such as the flying buttress, window openings could be extremely large, and builders took advantage of their opportunity to create huge expanses of glass separated by thin, curving stone tracery in ever more elaborate patterns. Window area was maximised, while wall area was minimised. The result is lofty, open interiors of extraordinary lightness and delicacy. The term stained glass refers either to the material of coloured glass or to the art and craft of working with it. As a material the term generally refers to glass that has been coloured by adding metallic salts during its manufacture. The coloured glass is crafted into stained glass windows in which small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures, held together (traditionally) by strips of lead and supported by a rigid frame.

13. Lord Randal’ This is a traditional Scottish ballad which tells ‘with a certain malicious humour’ the sad tale of a noble called Lord Randal. It probably derives from the late Middle Ages. Before you read 1 Read the ballad and say if it takes the form of a narration, a dialogue, or a monologue. The ‘Oral Testament’ Is another device typical of the ballad. ‘O where ha you been, Lord Randal, my son? And where ha you been, my handsome young man?’ ‘I ha been at the greenwood; mother, mak my bed soon, For I’m wearied wi hunting and fain wad lie down.’ ‘An wha met ye there, Lord Randal, my son? An wha met you there, my handsome young man?’ ‘O I met wi my true-love; mother, mak my bed soon, For I’m wearied wi hunting and fain wad lie down.’ ‘And what did she give you, Lord Randal, my son? And what did she give you, my handsome young man?’ ‘Eels fried in a pan; mother, mak my bed soon, For I’m wearied wi hunting and fain wad lie down.’ ‘An wha gat your leavins, Lord Randal my son? And wha gat your leavins, my handsome young man?’ ‘My hawks and my hounds; mother, mak my bed soon For I’m wearied wi hunting and fain wad lie down.’ ‘And what becam of them, Lord Randal, my son? And what becam of them, my handsome young man?’ ‘They stretched their legs out and died; mother, mak my bed soon, For I’m wearied wi hunting and fain wad lie down.’ O I fear you are poisoned, Lord Randal, my son! I fear you are poisoned, my handsome young man!’ ‘Oh yes, I am poisoned; mother, mak my bed soon, For I’m sick at the heart, and I fain wad lie down.’ ‘What d’ye leave to your mother, Lord Randal, my son! What d’ye leave to your mother, my handsome young man?’ ‘Four and twenty milk kye; mother, mak my bed soon, For I’m sick at the heart, and I fain wad lie down.’ Rhyme scheme: ABCD. It creates a musical effect. Eels : anguille. pan : padella. hawks : falchi. hounds : cani da caccia. kye : (cows) mucche. ‘‘What d’ye leave to your sister, Lord Randal, my son? What d’ye leave to your sister, my handsome young man?’ ‘My gold and my silver; mother, mak my bed soon, For I’m sick at the heart, an I fain wad lie down.’ ‘What d’ye leave to your brother, Lord Randal, my son? What d’ye leave to your brother, my handsome young man?’ ‘My houses and my lands; mother, mak my bed soon For I’m sick at the heart, and I fain wad lie down.’ Who is questioning Lord Randal? Where has Lord Randal been? What does he ask his mother to do? Why? What does his mother think about his condition? What is her reaction when she understands her son is dying?

14. The legend of King Arthur Youwill hear a story teller talking about the legend of King Arthur. As you listen choose the correct answer: 1. The noble Uther was Hurrying home because he had just found out that: • His son Arthur had been killed • His son Arthur had become king • His son Arthur’s life was in danger 2. What did Merlin The magician do? • He hid the boy • He killed Uther • He fought in the war 3. Arthur noticed a sword stuck in a stone • Next to his family house • Near a cemetery • Coming back from town 4. The sword • Was very old • Was precious and shining • Had an inscription on its handle 5. Arthur was able to pull the sword out of the stone • Only once • Three times • Several times 6. When Arthur became king • His people laughed at him because he was a boy • He was much loved by his people • He married the Lady of the Lake

15. The Matter of Rome has a Greek or Roman origin. It deals with the siege of troy and the adventures of Alexander of Macedon The three matters The matter of France deals with the exploits of Charlemagne; the most important of its cycles was the epic Chanson de Roland celebrating Roland’s heroism and his death against the Saracens at Roncevaux The matter of Britain deals with the stories of Arthurian legends, written by Geoffrey of Monmouth. In 1137 in his Historia Regum Britanniae in the basis of a Welsh manuscript, he maintained that Arthur descended from Aeneas, the founder of Britain. Historically Arthur appears in some Welsh annals as Artorius the Welsh hero who defeated the Saxon between 500 and 516. Thomas Malory in “Morte d’Arthur” set the romance in Middle Ages and it is divided in different books: The first book related the magical origin of Merlin, the deeds of Uther Pendragon, the birth of Arthur, his coming to the throne thanks to Excalibur, the story of Gawain and Arthur’s marriage with Guinevere and the institution of the knights of the round table. The second book deals with the life of Lancelot and the knights. The third book is the most important of the deeds of the knight of the round table: the search of the Holy Grail with the fight of Parsifal, Lancelot and Galahad . The fourth is the love of Sir Lancelot of the lake for Guinevere and the death of King Arthur in the battle of Camlann. Listen to the interview about Arthur’s life and take notes about Arthur’s birthplace, Arthur’s parents, the real geographical reference of the round table and the modern inheritance of Arthur’s legend in Europe.

16. Oral tradition King’s hall Travelling minstrels The scop Musicality of poetry generation to generation Chanted or intoned Religious influence Epic tales Historical tales Chivalry Matter of Rome Matter of France Matter of Britain Romanticism Gothic story Fantasy Science-fiction

17. The chivalry ideal summed up as followed: Loyalty between the knight and his sovereign, courage in the face of the death and a highly formalised code of love involving the knight absolute devotion to a woman for whom he usually set out on a series of adventures. Historically the aspiration of a pure and beautiful life has been present in most societies. The knight has to be poor and exempt from worldly ties, as the first Templars were. The religious element of the Chivalry such as compassion, fidelity and justice are essential to it. New romantic types will arise just as the cowboy has succeeded the corsair

18. The Hobbit by Tolkien There he lay, a vast red-golden dragon, fast asleep; thrumming came from his jaws and nostrils, and wisps of smoke, but his fires were low in slumber. Beneath him, under all his limbs and his huge coiled tail, and about him on all sides stretching away across the unseen floors, lay countless piles of precious things, gold wrought and unwrought, gems and jewels, and silver red-stained in the ruddy light… He gazed for what seemed an age, before drawn almost against his will, he stole from the shadow of the doorway, across the floor to the nearest edge of the mounds of treasure. Above him the sleeping dragon lay, a dire menace even in his sleep. He grasped a great two-handled cup, as heavy as he could carry, and cast one fearful eye upwards. Smaug stirred a wing, opened a claw, the rumble of his snoring changed its note. Then Bilbo fled. … The dwarves were still passing the cup from hand to hand and talking delightedly of the recovery of their treasure, when suddenly a vast rumbling woke in the mountain underneath as if it was an old volcano that had made up its mind to start eruptions once again. The door behind them was pulled nearly to, and blocked from closing with a stone, but up the long tunnel came the dreadful echoes, from far down in the depths, of a bellowing and a trampling that made the ground beneath them tremble…. "Well, thief! I smell you and I feel your air. I hear your breath. Come along! Help yourself again, there is plenty and to spare!"

19. The most famous monster with many heads is certainly Cerberus the monstrous dog with many heads a dragon’s tail and snakes heads on his back. He was the guardian of the Hades the underworld. He forbid the entry to the living and exit of the dead.It belongs to the Roman matter The riddling is another feature of Celtic legends, as well as Gandalf is the symbol of the druids But Bilbo was not quite so unlearned in dragon-lore as all that, and if Smaug hoped to get him to come nearer so easily he was disappointed. "No thank you, O Smaug the. Tremendous!" he replied. "I did not come for presents. I only wished to have a look at you and see if you were truly as great as tales say. I did not believe them." "Do you now?" said the dragon somewhat flattered, even though he did not believe a word of it. "Truly songs and tales fall utterly short of the reality, O Smaug the Chiefest and Greatest of Calamities," replied Bilbo. “You have nice manners for a thief and a liar," said the dragon. "You seem familiar with my name, but I don't seem to remember smelling you before. Who are you and where do you come from, may I ask?“ "I am the clue-finder, the web-cutter, the stinging fly. I as chosen for the lucky number.“ "I am he that buries his friends alive and drowns them and draws them alive again from the water. I came from the end of a bag, but no bag went over me.“ "I am the friend of bears and the guest of eagles. I am Ringwinner and Luckwearer; and I am Barrel-rider," went on Bilbo beginning to be pleased with his riddling. "That's better!" said Smaug. "But don't let your imagination run away with you!" This of course is the way to talk to dragons, if you don't want to reveal your proper name (which is wise), and don't want to infuriate them by a flat refusal (which is also very wise). No dragon can resist the fascination of riddling talk and of wasting time….

20. The Chronicles of Narnia By C.S.Lewis • While playing hide and seek with brothers and sister, Lucy finds a magical wardrobe that leads into Narnia. There she meets a kind faun named Mr. Tumnus • Mr. Tumnus invites Lucy to tea at his home. He lives in a warm and cosy cave. He plays a special song for her on his magical flute. • When Edmund follows Lucy through the wardrobe, he meets the White Witch. She gives him sweets called Turkisish Delight to trick him into bringing his brother and sisters to her castle. • The white witch lives in a castle made of ice. She uses her wand to turn her enemies to stone. She locks Edmund in the dungeon where an ogre keeps him from escaping. • Mr and Mrs. Beaver hide the children in their house made of sticks and logs and tell them about Aslam the Lion. When the Witch’s wolves come after them, the beaver help the children escape. • As they try to cross a frozen river the White witch’s wolves corner them! The children will have to think fast and trust each other to get away. • Aslan is a majestic lion who is the rightful ruler of Narnia. The children stand alongside him to help break the wintery curse of the white witch • Peter commands an army of fauns, satyrs, centaurs and many other creatures against the evil forces.

21. The rising of the sun had made everything look so different- all colours and shadows were changed- that for a moment they didn't see the important thing. Then they did. The Stone Table was broken into two pieces by a great crack that ran down it from end to end; and there was no Aslan…. Oh you are real, you’re real! Cried Lucy, and both girls flung themselves upon him and covered him with kisses.“but what does it all mean?” asked Susan when they were somewhat calmer. “It means that though the Witch knew the Deep Magic, there is a magic deeper still which she did not know. Her knowledge goes back only to the dawn of time. But if she could have looked a little further back, into the stillness and the darkness before time dawned, she would have known that when a willing victim who had committed no treachery was killed in a traitor’s stead, the Table would crack and Death itself would start working backwards…

22. The phoenix is a fabulous bird with brilliant scarlet and gold plumage And a melodious cry. Only one phoenix exist at any time. The legend says that after living 500 years in the Arabian desert when it saw its end approaching the phoenix built a nest of aromatic boughs and spices set it on fire and threw herself in the flames. From its ashes, however a new phoenix miraculously sprang: that is why the phoenix was said to be immortal. In ancient Egypt and in classical antiquity the phoenix was connected with the worship of the sun and was the emblem of immortality and of rebirth The basilisk is a legendary serpent possibly the Egyptian cobra. In Hellenistic and Roman times it was thought to have of killing people by simply looking at them. On the arrival at Hogwart’s school of Witchcraft and Wizardry the new students have to wear The sorting hat, that shouts out the name of the houses they are assigned to: the four houses are called: Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw and Slytherin. Harry Potter and the Chamber of secrets 1998 by J.K.Rowling

23. Dumbledore is certainly the figure of the druid like Gandalf they were great savants, they were priest during the sacrifices but also they were doctors and wizards. The first one the druid-wizard Merlin chose the chief and he remains for a long time near him to help and teach him. Merlin disappeared in the second book when the feudalism spread over with the Rules of Quierzy (877) in which the feud can be pass by testament to the first son and it didn’t belong anymore to the king. He was standing at the end of a very long dimly lit chamber. His heart beating fast, Harry stood listening to the chill silence. Could the basilisk be lurking in a shadowy corner, behind the pillar?...he pulled Harry’s wand from his pocket and began to trace it through the air writing three shimmering words: TOM MARVOLO RIDDLE, then he waved the wand once, and the letters of this name rearranged themselves: I AM LORD VOLDEMORT. A crimson bird the size of a swan had appeared piping his weird music to the vaulted ceiling. It had a glittering golden tail as long as a peacock's and gleaming golden talons which were gripping a ragged bundle… “that’s a phoenix” said Riddle, staring shrewdly back at it. “Fawkes?” Harry breathed and he felt the bird’s golden claws squeeze his shoulder gently.“And that” said Riddle now eyeing the ragged thing that Fawkes had dropped “That is the old sorting hat” Riddle began to laugh again: That is what Dumbledore sends his defender! A songbird and an old hat! Do you feel brave, Harry Potter? Do you feel safe now?” Something huge hit the stone floor of the chamber. Harry felt shudder. He knew what was happening, he could sense it could almost see the giant serpent uncoiling itself from Slythering mouth. Then he heard Riddle’s hissing voice: “Kill him.”

24. The Golden Compass • Philip Pullman has written picture books, plays, and novels for readers of all ages, including The Subtle Knife, the second book of the His Dark Materials trilogy. He is also the author of Count Karlstein and a trilogy of Victorian thrillers featuring Sally Lockhart: The Ruby in the Smoke, Shadow in the North, and The Tiger in the Well. • A graduate of Oxford University with a degree in English, Philip Pullman taught literature for many years at Westminster College. He now writes full-time in Oxford, England, where he lives with his family.

25. Then she reached the summit, and saw what was happening. Fifty yards away in the starlight Lord Asriel was twisting together two wires that led to his upturned sledge, on which stood a row of batteries and jars and pieces of apparatus, already frosted with crystals of cold. He was dressed in heavy furs, his face illuminated by the flame of a naphtha lamp. Crouching like the Sphinx beside him was his daemon, her beautiful spotted coat glossy with power, her tail moving lazily in the snow. In her mouth she held Roger's daemon. The little creature was struggling, flapping, fighting, one moment a bird, the next a dog, then a cat, a rat, a bird again, and calling every moment to Roger himself, who was a few yards off, straining, trying to pull away against the heart-deep tug, and crying out with the pain and the cold. He was calling his daemon's name, and calling Lyra; he ran to Lord Asriel and plucked his arm, and Lord Asriel brushed him aside. He tried again, crying and pleading, begging, sobbing, and Lord Asriel took no notice except to knock him to the ground. They were on the edge of a cliff. Beyond them was nothing but a huge illimitable dark. They were a thousand feet or more above the frozen sea. All this Lyra saw by starlight alone; but then, as Lord Asriel connected his wires, the Aurora blazed all of a sudden into brilliant life. Like the long finger of blinding power that plays between two terminals, except that this was a thousand miles high and ten thousand miles long: dipping, soaring, undulating, glowing, a cataract of glory. He was controlling it... Or leading power down from it; for there was a wire running off a huge reel on the sledge, a wire that ran directly upward to the sky. Down from the dark swooped a raven, and Lyra knew it for a witch daemon. A witch was helping Lord Asriel, and she had flown that wire into the heights. And the Aurora was blazing again. He was nearly ready.

26. The English Renaissance • Period from 1509 to 1660: it is later than its European equivalents • It is an original, typically English movement with a strong protestant basis due to the Reformation. • It lacked the pagan serenity of the Italian Renaissance. • England struggled to free itself from Italian influence SINCE Italy was identified with the papacy, through the training in classical imitation of a number of humanist scholars and translators. • Erasmus of Rotterdam had stressed the importance of studying the classical literature for the Christian student. New Learning as Humanism was established in Grammar Schools all over the country and in the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford.

27. The English Renaissance • The view of the Universe was still based on the theories of the Alexandrian Ptolemy (100-170 AD) he held that the sun and the planets revolved in concentric spheres around a stationary Earth. Below the moon lay the world of mutability above it that of permanence. This old order of ideas was weakened by Copernicus who laid the foundations of modern astronomy. • Astrology continued to be taught at University. Traditional medicine linked bodily rhythms and diseases to the motions of seven planets and the influence of the twelve signs of the zodiac on the various organs of the body. The human microcosm could be understood by reference to the macrocosm of the creation. An entire hierarchical system linked the different orders of life, from minerals to angels, connecting plants and animals at each level of the chain. • Listen to the extract about medical theories during the Renaissance and fill the missing information Medicine was based on the theories of…. Medicine was…. Pharmacopoeia was based on…. The remedies were helpless against… These beliefs encouraged reliance on …

28. The Ambassadors The size of the two figures is…. The painting reminds us of….and of the vanity of human success On the left of the painting stands Jean de Dinteville a … sent to London as … On his left there is a… showing where his castle is. He has a … in his right hand. The other sitter is George de Selve a brilliant… The two friends represent respectively the … and the … On the top shelf there is “Turkey” …. And some … On the bottom shelf lies a German… and a … with a broken… which is the symbol of The shape across the floor is a … It reminds us of … The distortion means that reality must be viewed… to reveal its…

29. The Tudor style in English architecture is the final development of medieval architecture during the Tudor period (1485–1558) and even beyond, for conservative college patrons. It followed the Perpendicular style and, although superseded by the English Renaissance in domestic building of any pretensions to fashion, the Tudor style still retained its hold on English taste, portions of the additions to the various colleges of Oxford and Cambridge being still carried out in the Tudor style which overlaps with the first stirrings of the Gothic Revival. • Tudor arch, a low, wide arch, was a common architectural element in the Tudor period in England. It is a flattened pointed arch usually drawn from four centres, the four-centred arch, which was a defining feature. The arch has a low elliptical shape. • The Gothic period's pointed arch was blunted into the flattened Tudor arch. The Tudor arch placed over the oriel window, a bay window supported on a bracket or corbel, was a striking window design of the Tudor period.

30. St. Paul cathedral is built of Portland stone in a late Renaissance style that is England's sober Baroque. Its impressive dome was inspired by St Peter's Basilica in Rome. It rises 365 feet (108 metres) to the cross at its summit, making it a famous London landmark. Wren achieved a pleasing appearance by building three domes: the tall outer dome is non-structural but impressive to view, the lower inner dome provides an artistically balanced interior, and between the two is a structural cone that supports the apex structure and the outer dome. Wren was said to have been hauled up to the rafters in a basket during the building of its later stages to inspect progress.

31. Shakespeare: the bard of Avon • W.Shakespeare was born in… • Shakespeare’s parents were John and Mary, John was a … • William attended… • When he was 18 he… • During the so called “Lost years”… • In 1593 the Theatres in London were… • During this period Shakespeare… • When the Theatre reopened Shakespeare became a … • In 1599 Shakespeare became part owner… • In 1603 Queen Elisabeth died and … • The Chamberlain’s men became the… • The works of the second period are characterised by a shif to darkness due to five different reasons: … • Shakespeare retired at… and returned to…

32. I can’t do the talk like they talk on tvAnd I can’t do a love song like the way it’s meant to beI can’t do everything but I’d do anything for youI can’t do anything except be in love with you And all I do is miss you and the way we used to beAll do is keep the beat and bad companyAll I do is kiss you through the bars of a rhymeJulie I’d do the stars with you any time Juliet when we made love you used to cryYou said I love you like the stars above I’ll love you till I dieThere’s a place for us you know the movie songWhen you gonna realise it was just that the time was wrong Juliet ? Dire StraitsAlbum: Making MoviesAnno: 1980 A love struck Romeo sings a streets serenadeLaying everybody low with me a love song that he madeFinds a convenient streetlight steps out of the shadeSays something like you and me babe how about it? Juliet says hey it’s Romeo you nearly gimme a heart attackHe’s underneath the window she’s singing hey la my boyfriend’s backYou shouldn’t come around here singing up at people like thatAnyway what you gonna do about it? Juliet the dice were loaded from the startAnd I bet and you exploded in my heartAnd I forget the movie song??When you wanna realise it was just that the time was wrong Juliet? Come up on different streets they both were streets of shameBoth dirty both mean yes and the dream was just the sameAnd I dreamed your dream for you and your dream is realHow can you look at me as if I was just another one of your deals? Where you can fall for chains of silver you can fall for chains of goldYou can fall for pretty strangers and the promises they holdYou promised me everything you promised me think and thinNow you just says oh Romeo yeah you know I used to have a scene with him Juliet when we made love you used to cryYou said I love you like the stars above I’ll love you till I dieThere’s a place for us you know the movie songWhen you gonna realise it was just that the time was wrong Juliet?

33. King by divine right 1.What initial statement does the interviewer make? • The reformation eliminated paganism • Only county people believed in witches • The believed in witches originated in rural tradition 2.According to professor Higgins, the witches • Were witnesses of the devil • Used magic to prepare evil potions • Appeared in disguise at weddings 3.Which regards to the state • It sentenced all of them to death • It sentenced only Catholic witches • It didn’t admit their existence 4.Professor Jennings says that common people were interested in witches because • They were poor • They were uncertain about their future • They were ignorant 5. They were recognised • By their clothes • By their bodies • By their pets 6. The last execution in England took place in • 1862 • 1628 • 1682 With the death of Elisabeth in 1603 the Tudor line died out and James VI of Scotland became the first Stuart King in England with the name of James I. He was a protestant and instead of basing his rule on the “love for his people” he based it on the theory of the “divine right of the King” in the belief that as a monarch he was the representative of God on earth. He summoned parliament only to ask for money, but its members refused to levy any taxes unless the money was needed for war. He was interested in witchcraft and in the supernatural and in his treatise Daemonologie (1597) he declared his belief in black magic.

34. The Puritan mind As in the early days of Elisabeth reign Religion was the most urgent problem of the new reign. Catholics were fined if they refused to attend the Church of England and the Puritans disapproved of both the rites and bishops of the new church. These puritans had a high sense of duty and morality and they did not want to live in a country which trhey believed was going to fall into moral decline. Consequently a hundred of them- the Pilgrim fathers, applied for a government patent to colonise New England; in 1620 they left England for America the Mayflower and founded New Plymouth. Thanksgiving is a legal holidays in the USA; it was first celebrated by the Pilgrim Fathers and it is now a family reunion. Listen to the extract and complete the following: • The English puritans criticized the…. Made during the reign of Elisabeth I • Many of them had studied at… • … was the field in which they tried to change most… • James I rejected their proposal of… • During the civil war they supported the … • During the civil war they supported the … • Their theological roots stretch back to… • The “Pilgrims” established the … in 1620 • The puritans believes that … depended on God. • They regarded the Bible as a … to life. • They encouraged personal acts of … • The puritans reputation has been damaged by a unified view of society implying… • Puritanism provided the foundation for the … in modern times