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Punctuated-Equilibrium Model

(High). Performance. Phase 2. First Meeting. Completion. Transition. Phase 1. Time. (Low). A. (A+B)/2. B. Punctuated-Equilibrium Model. Performance. Appearance. Group Norms. Resources. Development of Norms. Organizational stories

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Punctuated-Equilibrium Model

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  1. (High) Performance Phase 2 First Meeting Completion Transition Phase 1 Time (Low) A (A+B)/2 B Punctuated-Equilibrium Model Chapter 8

  2. Performance Appearance Group Norms Resources Chapter 8

  3. Development of Norms • Organizational stories • Bill Gates: An employee was leaving work at 8:00pm, Bill says “only working ½ a day?” • Founders Values • Nordstrom employee handbook • Responses to significant organizational events • Johnson & Johnson and Tylenol recalls

  4. Purpose of Norms • Identifies desired behaviors or attitudes • Way of controlling behavior instead of explicit formal rules • What happens when someone violates a norm? • Deviant • Pressures to get back in line • Isolate • Loss of influence

  5. Effects of Group Processes Process Gains Synergy Potential Group Effectiveness Group Effectiveness Process Losses Conformity Groupthink Social Loafing Chapter 8

  6. Conformity to Group Norms vvv Studies by Solomon Asch vvv X A B C Chapter 8

  7. Pressure to Conform • Group pressures to conform • Percentage conforming in the Asch study? • What happened when people wrote down responses? • Organizational implications? • Methods of voting • What percentage of people conformed in the Milgram study and shocked to the highest level?

  8. Influencing the Majority Opinion Holders • Persuasion techniques • Be positive and tactful in tone • Uncover the reasoning & logic behind positions • Ask questions/challenge the assumptions & reasoning • Do not argue from position • Consider what type of evidence is most relevant to those you are trying to persuade • Facts & figures • Testimonials, personal experience

  9. Social Loafing • Tendency to exert LESS effort when working in a group than when working alone • Why does this happen? • Diffusion of responsibility • If you see others working less hard or not contributing, people may attempt to reestablish equity by reducing work effort & productivity

  10. Social Loafing Issues • Methods to reduce its occurrence • Make individual contributions identifiable • Make the receipt of group-based rewards contingent upon individual contributions (GE info systems gainsharing plan) • Social loafing tends to be a cultural phenomenon • Individualism versus collectivism • USA versus Japan

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