1 / 101

Learning

Learning. Stolen by Coach B. from many sources including www.appsychology.com. Learning and Behaviorism. Three major areas of learning Classical Conditioning: Pavlov Instrumental /Operant Conditioning: Skinner Social Learning Theory: Bandura. Learning questions. What is Behaviorism?

keaira
Télécharger la présentation

Learning

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Learning Stolen by Coach B. from many sources including www.appsychology.com

  2. Learning and Behaviorism • Three major areas of learning • Classical Conditioning: Pavlov • Instrumental /Operant Conditioning: Skinner • Social Learning Theory: Bandura

  3. Learning questions • What is Behaviorism? • Who was Pavlov? • What is classical conditioning? • What is UCS, UCR, CS, CR? (same card) • What is acquisition? extinction? • What is stimulus generalization? • What is stimulus discrimination? • What was the Baby Albert experiment? • What is spontaneous recovery? • What is Operant Conditioning? • Who was BF Skinner? • What is positive reinforcement? Negative Reinforcement? Positive punishment? Negative punishment? Aversive stimulus? • Fixed ratio schedule, variable ratio schedule? • Primary vs secondary reinforcers? • Who was Albert Bandura and his Bobo doll experiment? • What is social learning theory?

  4. What is Behaviorism? • School of psychology- studies scientifically observable behaviors, not unconscious drives. • Behaviorists like tabula rasa (blank slate) • Free will is an illusion. • Includes classical, operant and social learning theory

  5. John B. Watson “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in, and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and yes, beggar man or thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”

  6. Classical Conditioning It all started with: Ivan Pavlov

  7. What is classical conditioning? • When your brain and nervous system make an association between 2 stimuli (things). • Example: food and a bell A song and making out with your “friend”

  8. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. Unconditional Response (UCR): the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.

  9. Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response. Conditioned Response (CR): the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

  10. e

  11. Come up with your own examples of Classical Conditioning

  12. What is the Little Albert experiment? • John Watson classically conditioned a baby to fear a white rat. Then the baby feared all furry things.

  13. Pavlov spent the rest of his life outlining his ideas. He came up with 5 critical terms that together make up classical conditioning. • Acquisition • Extinction • Spontaneous Recovery • Generalization • Discrimination

  14. Acquisition • The initial stage of learning. • The phase where the neutral stimulus is associated with the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR (thus becoming the CS). Does timing matter? • The CS should come before the UCS • They should be very close together in timing.

  15. Extinction • The diminishing of a conditioned response. • Will eventually happen when the UCS does not follow the CS. Is extinction permanent?

  16. Spontaneous Recovery • The reappearance. After a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response.

  17. Generalization • The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses.

  18. Stimulus Generalization The Baby was given the rat while Watson sounded a loud, scary clank.. Now the baby is afraid of all furry things.

  19. Discrimination • The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that does not signal UCS.

  20. How can we apply classical conditioning?

  21. Applications of Taste Aversion • treating alcoholism, using the drug Antabuse • causes nausea and violent vomiting when combined with alcohol • attempts to create a taste aversion to alcohol • Problem: alcoholics tend to stop taking Antabuse so they can drink again • but when used properly, Antabuse does reduce total amount of alcohol consumed (Brewer et al., 2000; Chick et al., 1992)

  22. Applications of Taste Aversion • humane methods of controlling predators, agricultural pests? • coyotes & wolves ate sheep carcasses laced with nausea-inducing poison; developed aversion to sheep meat (Gustavson et al., 1974, 1976) • wolves penned with sheep later seemed to fear it! • similar results with baboons in African gardens, raccoons attacking chickens, ravens & crows feeding on raven eggs

  23. Stimulus Discrimination: learning to respond differently to two stimuli because different outcomes follow them. • A dog may drool to a bell, but not a gong.

  24. Extinction • If a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, then the conditioned response will disappear. This is known as extinction. If a dog learns to associate the sound of a bell with food and then the bell is rung repeatedly, but no food is presented, the dog will soon stop salivating a the sound of the bell.

  25. Conditioned Taste Aversion • Link a food with illness • CS paired with UR • Preparedness • Concern for patients receiving chemotherapy

  26. The Garcia effect • People get sick after eating at a restaurant so they won’t eat at that restaurant, even if they know the food was safe.

  27. 1. Sara is watching a storm. A bolt of lightening is followed immediately by a huge crash of thunder and makes her jump. This happens several more times. The storm starts to move away and there is a gap between the lightening bolt and the sound of thunder, yet Sara jumps at the lightening bolt. • What is the: • UCS • UCR • CS • CR

  28. 2. Steve's mouth waters whenever he eats anything with lemon in it. One day, while seeing an advertisement showing lemons, his mouth begins to water. • What is the: • UCS • UCR • CS • CR

  29. Operant Conditioning • Also known as Instrumental Conditioning • Thorndike and his cats • Key difference from Classical Conditioning: subject’s behavior determines an outcome and is subsequently impacted by that outcome • Operant generally applies to skeletal muscles, classical to visceral responses

  30. What is operant conditioning? • Behaviors are a result of reinforcements and punishments. • B.F. Skinner is the famous guy.

  31. Edward Thorndike • Law of Effect: rewarded behavior is likely to recur.

  32. Thorndike’s Puzzle Box • Edward Thorndike (1874-1949): created a puzzle box: cage with latched door that could only be opened by pressing lever inside • cats became quicker and quicker to press lever once they figured it out • Law of Effect: rewarded behaviors are more likely to be repeated

  33. B.F. Skinner C’mon gimmie a kiss!

  34. B.F. Skinner • Most influential behaviorist • Envisioned a utopian society based upon his theories • Skinner Box • Ping-pong playing and airplane flying pigeons • Shaping – training with rewards

  35. Skinner Box

  36. How do you shape behavior?What is shaping? Shaping is like “training.” You shape or change a behavior through reinforcements and punishments.

  37. Shaping • A procedure in Operant Conditioning in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal.

  38. Operant Conditioning Chamber“Skinner box” Conditioning

  39. Reinforcer • Any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior it follows. Two Types of Reinforcement: Positive and Negative

  40. Reinforcement – increasing desired behavior • Positive Reinforcement – giving something good to increase a behavior (example?) • Negative Reinforcement – taking away something bad to increase a behavior (example?)

  41. Punishment – reducing behavior • - positive punishment giving something bad to reduce a behavior (example?) spanking = aversive stimulus • - negative punishment – (omission training) taking away something good to reduce a behavior (example?)

  42. Positive Reinforcement • Strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response.

  43. Negative Reinforcement • Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus.

More Related