The Rise of Islam

1. The Rise of Islam A brief history

2. Five Pillars of Islam • There is no God except Allah, & Muhammad is his prophet. • Pray & face Mecca five times a day. • Fasting & self control during the month of Ramadan (based on a lunar calendar, so it can be any time of the year). • Give 2.5% of your money to the poor. • Make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once if you can.

3. Same • Islam means to “submit to God peacefully.” If you do this, you’re called a Muslim. • Quran is their Holy Book. The angel Gabriel gave it to Muhammad. Written in Arabic. • No images in mosques. • Allah created humans, angels & jinn. • Man may marry up to 4 women. • Christians & Jews are called “People of the Book.” • Jesus was a prophet, born from a virgin, is coming back, but did not die on the cross. He was taken up to heaven. He was not the Son of God. • Abraham’s chosen son was Ishmael, not Isaac. • Good deeds lead you to heaven; bad deeds to hell. • Holiest places: Mecca, Medina (Saudi Arabia) & Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem). • Shiite differences • 200 million • Mainly in Iran, Iraq, Yemen & Lebanon. • Muhammad did leave a successor. • Mujtahids are spiritual leaders. Sunni differences • 1.2 billion • Found in all Muslim countries. • Muhammad didn’t leave a successor. • Imaams are spiritual leaders.

4. Jihad • Muslims believed in 'jihad' – a holy war to spread Islam over all the world. • "Fight those who do not believe in Allah, nor in the latter day, nor do they prohibit what Allah & His Messenger have prohibited, nor follow the religion of truth, out of those who have been given the Book, until they pay the tax in acknowledgment of superiority & they are in a state of subjection.“ Surah 9:29. • “When the Qur'an is read, listen to it with attention, & hold your peace: that you may receive mercy.” 7:204. • At its height, the Muslim world stretched from Spain to India.

5. Muhammad • 570 ADMuhammad is born in Mecca. He comes from a noble family. • 610 ADAccording to Muslim belief, at the age of 40, Muhammad is visited by the angel Gabriel while on retreat in a cave near Mecca. The angel recites to him the first revelations of the Quran and informs him that he is God's prophet. • After this, he leads a small army & conquers & converts the polytheists Arabs to Islam aka convert by the sword. Arabic people

6. Islamic Empire • 622 AD Muhammad moves to Medina & founds the first Islamic country (darkest green). • By 732, the Islamic empire stretched from the borders of India, Persia & the Middle East, along the north coast of Africa, & into Spain. • Most of the areas that the Romans controlled converted from Christianity to Islam, although there are still Christian minorities in Islamic countries i.e. Coptic Christians in Egypt.

7. Caliphate • Most of the Muslim world was ruled by a Caliphate. He was the supreme political & religious leader of the area he ruled. A democracy or republic were foreign ideas. • There were several dynasties, each with their own line of Caliphates & each ruling from a different city, i.e. Cairo, Baghdad, etc. • The Ottoman Empire’s leader was called a Sultan.

8. Conquests • The Arabs conquered Egypt, the Holy Land & North Africa from the Byzantine Empire. Arabic language & alphabet replaced the Greek, Egyptian & Berber languages & alphabet. This is why the Greek alphabet is only used in Greece today. • The Umayyad conquered North Africa, Spain, & the Indus Valley. There is still religious tension between the Hindus & Muslims that live in the Indus Valley & India today. • 732 AD Muslims are defeated at Potiers (near the city of Tours) in France by Charles “the Hammer” Martel. This kept Europe Christian. • Besides Spain, all of these areas today have either a minority Muslim population or are almost totally Muslim. Spain was re-conquered over a period of several hundred years by the Christian west.

9. Conquests in Africa • 1000 AD Islam continues to spread through the continent of Africa, including Nigeria, which served as a trading center between the northern & central regions of Africa. • Sub-Saharan Africa is still a mixture of Muslim, Christian & indigenous beliefs. • Timbuktu was a center of trade in modern day Mali. Islam spread between the Sahara & sub-Saharan Africa. • Ghana was a small kingdom southwest of the Sahara desert that brought Muslim traders through in a vast Saharan trade network of gold, ivory & salt. These routes are still used today.

10. Conquests • In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks moved westward from central Asia. They defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert (1071) & gradually conquered Asia Minor, which is modern-day Turkey. • They captured Constantinople in 1453 & renamed it Istanbul. • They also conquered the Balkans, starting with the Battle of Kosovo (1389). This includes the Serbs, Albanians, Greeks, etc. • Later empires would spread Islam to the “Stans,” Indonesia, the Philippines & other areas of Asia & Africa.

11. Crusades • A series of wars in the 12th & 13th centuries by the Catholic West to re-conquer the Holy Land from the Muslims. They were commissioned by the Pope. • There were 8 crusades, but the 3rd one is the most famous with King Richard of England. • There were a few small kingdoms established, but they didn’t last long. • The west never really united with the Byzantine Empire to defeat the Muslims.

12. Trade • Muslim Arab traders & warriors set up trading posts & settlements throughout the Sahara, down the east coast of Africa, into India & even in south-east Asia. • After the Mongols converted to Islam, they established a number of Muslim states in Iran, Central Asia & Russia. The Mongol state in Russia was called the Golden Horde. This spread Islamic ideas & culture. There is still religious tension between the Russians & the Muslims that live in Russia.

13. Trade • Muslim traders travelled as far as South Africa, China & Russia. • They traded in fine quality goods like silk & paper from China, cotton & ivory from India & Africa, carpets from the Middle East, & spices from all over the world. • One of the first universities in the world was in Egypt in AD970. • Al-Fazari invented the astrolabe to calculate latitude while navigating.

14. Cities • Every Muslim town had at least one mosque with a muezzin, who called people to prayer five times a day. • Islam taught that it was wrong to draw human beings in religious art, so Muslim artists used beautiful patterns & writing in mosques and on copies of the Quran. • They were usually tolerant of Jews & Christians, but required them to pay a special tax for being non-Muslims.

15. Culture • Many western musical instruments were copied from Muslim instruments, including the lute, the guitar & the violin. Spanish flamenco dancing is supposed to have been influenced by the rhythms of Arabic music. • Hijab: veil that covers the face & shoulders of women. • Burqa: a cover/veil that furthers covers women in public. • Turbins: cloth wound headgear worn by men. • Food: pork & alcohol are forbidden. They eat the foods associated with where they live.

16. The Rise of Islam A brief history

17. Five Pillars of Islam 1. There is no God except , & is his . 2. & face Mecca times a day. 3. & self control during the month of (based on acalendar, so it can be any time of the year). 4. Give % of your money to the poor. 5. Make a to Mecca at least if you can.

18. Same • Islam means to “ to God peacefully.” If you do this, you’re called a Muslim. • is their Holy Book. The angel gave it to Muhammad. Written in . • No in mosques. • Allah created & jinn. • Man may marry up to women. • Christians & Jews are called “People of the .” • Jesus was a prophet, born from a virgin, is coming back, but did noton the cross. He was taken up to heaven. He was the Son of God. • ’s chosen son was • ,not . • deeds lead you to heaven; bad deeds to hell. • Holiest places: , Medina (Saudi Arabia) & Dome of the (Jerusalem). • Shiite differences • 200 million • Mainly in , Iraq, Yemen & Lebanon. • Muhammad leave a successor. • are spiritual leaders. Sunni differences • 1.2 billion • Found in Muslim countries. • Muhammad leave a successor. • are spiritual leaders.

19. Jihad • Muslims believed in 'jihad' – a to spread over all the world. • " those who do not in Allah, nor in the latter day, nor do they prohibit what Allah & His Messenger have prohibited, nor follow the religion of truth, out of those who have been given the Book, until they pay the in acknowledgment of & they are in a state of .“ Surah 9:29. • “When the Qur'an is , to it with attention, & hold your peace: that you may receive .” 7:204. • At its height, the Muslim world stretched from to .

20. Muhammad • 570 AD is born in . He comes from a noble family. • AD According to Muslim belief, at the age of 40, Muhammad is visited by the Gabriel while on retreat in a cave near Mecca. The angel to him the first revelations of the & informs him that he is God's prophet. • After this, he leads a small && converts the Arabs to Islam aka convert by the . Arabic people

21. Islamic Empire • 622 AD Muhammad moves to & founds the first Islamic (darkest green). • By 732, the Islamic empire stretched from the borders of , & the Middle , along the north coast of , & into . • Most of the areas that thecontrolled converted from Christianity to Islam, although there are still Christian in Islamic countries i.e. Christians in .

22. Caliphate • Most of the Muslim world was ruled by a Caliphate. He was the supreme & leader of the area he ruled. A democracy or republic were ideas. • There were several , each with their own line of Caliphates & each ruling from a different, i.e. , , etc. • The Empire’s leader was called a .

23. Conquests • The conquered Egypt, the Holy Land & North Africa from the Byzantine Empire. language & alphabet replaced the , & Berber languages & . This is why the Greek is only used in today. • The Umayyad conquered North Africa, Spain, & the Indus Valley. There is still religious between the & that live in the Indus Valley & India today. • 732 AD Muslims are at Potiers (near the city of Tours) in France by Charles “the Hammer” Martel. This kept Europe . • Besides Spain, all of these areas today have either a minoritypopulation or are almost totally Muslim. Spain was over a period of several hundred years by the Christian .

24. Conquests in Africa • AD Islam continues to spread through the continent of Africa, including , which served as a center between the northern & central regions of Africa. • Sub-Saharan Africa is still a of Muslim, Christian & indigenous . • was a center ofin modern day Mali. Islam spread between the Sahara & sub-Saharan Africa. • Ghana was a small kingdom southwest of the desert that brought Muslim traders through in a vast Saharan trade of , ivory & . These routes are still today.

25. Conquests • In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks moved westward from Asia. They defeated the army at the Battle of (1071) & gradually Asia Minor, which is modern-day . • They captured in & renamed it . • They also conquered the , starting with the Battle of (1389). This includes the , Albanians, , etc. • Later empires would spread Islam to the “,” , the & other areas of Asia & Africa.

26. Crusades • A series of in the 12th & 13th centuries by the Catholic to re-conquer the Holy Land from the Muslims. They were commissioned by the . • There were crusades, but the rd one is the most famous with King of . • There were a few small kingdoms established, but they didn’t long. • The west never really with the Empire to defeat the .

27. Trade • Muslim Arab traders & warriors set up trading & throughout the , down the east coast of , into & even in south-east . • After the converted to Islam, they established a number of Muslim states in Iran,Asia & . The Mongol state in Russia was called the Golden Horde. This spread Islamic ideas & culture. There is still religion between the Russians & the Muslims that in Russia.

28. Trade • Muslim traders travelled as far as , & Russia. • They traded in fine quality goods like silk & paper from , cotton & ivory from & , carpets from the Middle , & spices from all over the . • One of the first in the world was in in AD970. • Al-Fazari invented the to calculatewhile navigating.

29. Cities • Every Muslim town had at least one with a muezzin, who called people to five times a day. • Islam taught that it was wrong to human beings in religious , so Muslim artists used beautiful & writing in mosques and on copies of the Quran. • They were usually of & , but required them to pay a special for being -Muslims.

30. Culture • Manymusical instruments were copied from Muslim instruments, including the , the & the . Spanishdancing is supposed to have been influenced by the rhythms of music. • : veil that covers the face & shoulders of women. • rqa: a cover/veil that furthers covers women in . • : cloth wound headgear worn by . • Food: & are forbidden. They eat the foods associated with where they .