Anti-Christian Moralities

1. Anti-Christian Moralities Moral Relativism and Behaviorism

2. Moral Relativism • Moral Relativism is the view that there is no absolute or universal moral law or truth, resulting in a morality determined by cultural factors or personal preference. • There are three different types of relativisms.

3. Descriptive Relativism • This type of relativism holds that some people do disagree about what is moral. • This disagreement can result from different societal or cultural circumstances. • These relativists will not necessarily advocate for tolerance in the face of disagreement, but rather may try to convince you that you are wrong.

4. Meta-Ethical Relativism • Meta-ethical Relativism believes that when there are disagreements about what is moral, nobody is objectively right or wrong. • It is essentially the same as descriptive relativism except: • They do not believe you can resolve these disagreements based on an objective standard of “good” or “bad”, but instead based on our societal standard.

6. Normative Relativism • Normative Relativism holds that nobody is right or wrong, and we ought to tolerate the behavior of others even if we disagree about the morality of it. • This is essentially the same as meta-ethical relativism, except normative relativism adds that we ought to tolerate the behavior of another even if it violates our own personal or societal standards.

8. Behaviorism • Behaviorism is a theory based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shapes our behaviors. • According to this school of thought, behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states. • Thus, we have no freedom and our actions pre-determine themselves.