Genghis Khan and Mongol Eurasian Integration

1. Genghis Khan and Mongol Eurasian Integration

2. DO NOW: AP M.C. QUESTION • Which of the following is an accurate characterization of both the Incan and Yuan dynasties? • Both civilizations developed strict social class hierarchies, in which upward mobility was difficult • Peasant uprisings were responsible for the establishment of both civilizations • Both the Yuan and the Inca depended on trade as their primary economic activity • Both civilizations flourished under control of outside invaders.

3. DO NOW: AP M.C. QUESTION • The Mongol Empire was divided into four Khanates, which governed all of the following lands except • Russia • Persia • Japan • Ukriane

4. QUICK WRITE: • What would you argue are the two strongest impacts or most lasting legacies of Mongol rule?

5. Nomadic Peoples • Nomadic economy and society • Organized into clans with related languages • Central Asia’s steppes: good for grazing, little rain, few rivers • Nomads and their animals; few settlements • Nomads drove their herds in migratory cycles • Lived mostly on animal products • Also produced limited amounts of millet, pottery, leather goods, iron

6. Nomadic Peoples and Their Animals • Sheep • Goats • Horses • Mare’s milk • Flock survival

7. Nomadic Peoples and Their Housing and Clothing • Gers/Yurts • Robes - dei

8. Caravan Trade Interaction • Nomads and settled peoples sought trade, were prominent on caravan routes

9. Nomadic Class System • Fluidity of classes in nomadic society • Two social classes; nobles and commoners • Autonomous clans and tribes

10. Religion • Shamans • Buddhism • Nestorian Christianity • By the tenth century • … Islam

11. Religion of Genghis Khan

12. Military Organization • Khan – “RULER” • Organized vast confederation of individual tribes for expansion • Outstanding cavalry forces • Formidable military power

13. The Mongol Empires • Genghis Khan and the making of the Mongol Empire • Genghis Khan unified Mongol tribes through alliances and conquests • Why was unification necessary? • Tribal group v. Mongol identity • Khan’s personal mission • Trade disruption • Ecology – 1180-1220

14. Mongol Political Organization • Organized new military units and broke up tribal affiliations • Units based on ten…100…1000… • Leaders had close relationship with Genghis • Chose high officials based on talent and loyalty • Established capital at Karakorum

16. Mongol Strategy • Horsemanship • Archers • Mobility • Psychological warfare • Feigned withdrawal

17. Mongol Siege Warfare:

18. Mongol Siege Warfare:

19. Mongol Conquest of Northern China • Genghis Khan, Mongols raided the Jurchen in north China beginning in 1211 • Controlled north China by 1220 • South China was still ruled by Song dynasty

20. Mongol Conquest of Persia • Genghis Khan tried to open trade and diplomatic relations with Saljuq leader Khwarazm shah, the ruler of Persia in 1218 • Upon being rejected, Genghis Khan led force to pursue Khwarazm • Mongol forces destroyed Persian cities

21. Death of Genghis Khan • Died in 1227 having laid foundation for a mighty empire

22. Mongol Division After Genghis Heirs Divide into Four Regional Empires…. • Kubilai Khan-China • Genghis Khan’s grandson • Consolidated Mongol rule in China • Promoted Buddhism, supported the Daoists, Muslims, and Christians

23. Conquest of Southern China • Khubilai extended Mongol rule to all of China • Song capital at Hangzhou fell in 1276 • Yuan Dynasty founded in 1279 • Unsuccessful conquests of Vietnam, Burma, Java, and Japan

24. The Golden Horde • Group of Mongols overran Russia between 1237 and 1241 • Jochi and later Batu will rule… • Batu – r.1224-1255 • Further overran Poland, Hungary and eastern Germany, 1241 – 1242 • Maintained hegemony in Russia until the mid-fifteenth century

25. The Ilkhanate of Persia • Khubilai’s brother, Hulegu captured Baghdad in 1258 • Mongol rule in Persia • Persians served as ministers, governors, and local officials • Mongols cared only about taxes and order • Ilkan Ghazan converted to Islam in 1295 • Massacres of Jews and Christians followed

26. Mongol Rule in China • 1206 Temujin chosen Genghis Khan of the Mongols • 1227 Death of Genghis Khan • Mongols conquer northern China in 1234 • 1265 Khubilai becomes last Great Khan – rules till death in 1294 • 1271 founding of the Yuan Empire • 1276 - 1279 Mongol conquest of the Southern Song • 1368 Ming Empire founded

27. Mongols in China • 1265 Khubilai becomes last Great Khan – rules till death in 1294 • By 1279 the Mongols are in control of China • Yuan Dynasty • Short conquest – 1368 the Ming Dynasty is founded

28. Mongol Khanates

29. Diplomatic Missions • The four Mongol empires maintained close diplomatic communications • Khanate of Chagatai • Khanate of the Golden Horde • Khanate of the Great Khan • Ilkanate of the Great Khan • Established diplomatic relations with Korea, Vietnam, India, Europe

30. Mongol Rule in China • Four Classes • Mongols • Central Asians and the Middle Easterners • Northern Chinese • Southern Chinese

31. Mongol Rule in China • Outlawed intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese • Forbade Chinese from learning the Mongol language • Brought foreign administrators into China and put them in charge • Tolerated all cultural and religious traditions in China

32. Mongol Ruling Elite • Became enchanted with the Lamaist (Vajrayana) Buddhism of Tibet • Universal leader concept

33. The Mongols and Eurasian Integration • The Mongols and trade • Mongols worked to secure trade routes and ensure safety of merchants • Elaborate courier network with relay stations • Maintained good order for traveling merchants, ambassadors, and missionaries

34. Resettlement • Mongols needed skilled artisans and educated individuals from other places • Often resettled them in different locations to provide services • Uigher Turks served as clerks, secretaries, and administrators • Arab and Persian Muslims also served Mongols far from their homelands • Skilled artisans were often sent to Karakorum; became permanent residents

35. Decline of the Mongols in Persia and China • Had been established by Hulegu by 1260 • Ghazan – declared himself a Muslim in 1295 • Decline of the Il-kanate state • In Persia, excessive spending and overexploitation led to reduced revenues • Failure of the Il-khan’s paper money • Factional struggle plagued the Mongol leadership • The last ruler died without an heir; the Il-khanate collapsed - 1349

36. Decline of the Yuan Dynasty • Seen as outsiders • Traditional Chinese & outside religions • Rebellions among farmers • Paper money issued by the Mongol rulers lost value • Power struggles, assassinations, and civil war weakened Mongols after 1320s

37. Bubonic Plague • In southwest China in 1330s • Spread through Asia and Europe • Depopulation and labor shortage undermined the Mongol regime • By 1368 the Chinese drove the Mongols back to the steppes

38. Surviving Mongol Khanates • The Khanate of Chaghati continued in central Asia • Later – • Timur / Tamerlane • The Golden Horde survived until the mid-sixteenth century • Batu Khan • Sarai – near Volga River

39. Checking for Understanding: • Why is it argued by historians that the Mongols changed the world, or helped to make the world ‘modern’?

40. RECOVERY IN CHINAThe Ming Dynasty • Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu) overthrew Mongol rule and established the Ming dynasty in 1368 • Ming centralization of government revived Chinese traditions • Reestablished Confucian educational and civil service systems • Emperor ruled China directly without the aid of chief ministers • Mandarins and eunuchs maintained absolute authority of emperors • Mandarins represented central government to local authorities • Eunuchs could not build family fortunes

41. The Ming Dynasty • Map

42. Ming Dynasty Promoted Economic Recovery • Repaired irrigation systems • Agricultural productivity soared • Promoted manufacture of porcelain, silk, and cotton textiles • Trade within Asia flourished with increased production

43. Cultural Revival • Actively promoted neo-Confucianism • Yongle– encyclopedia – massive anthology of cultural traditions

44. The Chinese Reconnaissance • Zheng He’s expeditions • Ming emperors permitted foreigners to trade in Quanzhou and Guangzhou • Refurbished navy and sent seven ships into Indian Ocean • Purposes of expedition? • Largest marine crafts in the world…

45. The Treasure Ships

46. Chinese Naval Power • Visited southeast Asia, India, Ceylon, Arabia, and east Africa • Zheng He’s voyages were diplomatic-exchange of gifts and envoys • Also military – used force to impress foreign powers – ex. coastal pirates • Voyages enhanced Chinese reputation in the Indian Ocean basin

47. End of Voyages • 1433 • New emperor • Confucian ministers mistrusted foreign alliances • Resources redirected to agriculture and defense of northern borders • Technology of building ships was forgotten, charts destroyed

48. Zheng He

49. Forbidden City • 183 acres • 32 feet tall wall • 1406 construction begins • 14 years • 200,000 men • 75 buildings, 9,999 rooms

50. Map of the Forbidden City