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Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

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Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration. Chapter 18 Review. Ch 18.1 Turkish Expansion Objectives. Understand the Turkish migrations and imperial expansion and its consequences. Turkish Economy. Nomadic herders; organized into clans with related languages

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Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

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  1. Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration Chapter 18 Review

  2. Ch 18.1 Turkish Expansion Objectives • Understand the Turkish migrations and imperial expansion and its consequences

  3. Turkish Economy • Nomadic herders; organized into clans with related languages • Turks refer to a large group of peoples • Central Asia's steppes: good for grazing, little rain, few rivers= no Complex Societies • Nomads and their animals; few settlements • Nomads drove their herds in migratory cycles • Lived mostly on animal products • limited amounts of millet, pottery, leather goods, iron

  4. Turkish Society • Fluidity of classes in nomadic society • Two social classes: nobles and commoners • Autonomous clans and tribes • Religions: shamans, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity; 10th cent Islam major • Military organization • Khan ("ruler") organized vast confederation (alliances) • Outstanding cavalry forces, formidable military power

  5. Saljuq Turks and the Abbasid empire • Next to Abbasid, mid-8th to 10th cent • Moved in; served in Abbasid armies • Controlled Abbasid caliphs by 11th cent • Puppet Gov’t • Extended Turkish rule to Syria, Palestine, and more

  6. Saljuq Turks & Byzantine empire • Large # move into Anatolia, 11th cent • Manzikert 1071, Defeat Byzantine army • Turning Point Byz down Turks up • Made Anatolia an Islamic society

  7. More Turkish Expansion • Remember Mahmud? • Attacks Northern India plunderer • Ghaznavid Turks dominate northern India through sultanate of Delhi

  8. End of Ch 18.1 • Explain the Turkish migrations and their imperial expansion along with the consequences of these events

  9. Ch 18.1 Mongol Empires Objectives • Understand the Turkish migrations and imperial expansion and its consequences

  10. Chinggis Khan makes the Mongol empire • Chinggis Khan ("universal ruler") unified Mongol tribes through alliance and conquests • Mongol political organization • Organized new military units; broke up tribal affiliations • Chose high officials based on talent and loyalty • Established capital at Karakorum • Strategy: horsemanship, archers, mobility, psychological warfare- scare the snot out of…

  11. Mongol Conquest of northern China • Raid Jurchen in north China in 1211 • Controlled north China by 1220 • South China ruled by Song dynasty

  12. Mongol conquest of Persia • 1218 CK tried to set up relations with Khwarazm shah Saljuq leader of Persia • Rejected, bad idea- CK led force to pursue the Khwarazm • Mongol destroy Persian cities & qanats • CK dies 1227, foundation of empire set

  13. Mongols after Chinggis Khan • Empire run by Ogodai - CK’s son • Continued conquest • Dies in 1241 • Empire divided -- four regional empires

  14. Khubilai Khan • CK grandson, consolidated Mongol rule in China • Promoted Buddhism, supported Daoists, Muslims, and Christians • Khubilai extends rule to all of China • Hangzhou (Song) fell 1276, • Yuan Dynasty founded in 1279 • No Luck in of Vietnam, Burma, Java, and Japan

  15. Mongol Rule in China • Outlawed intermarriage between Mongols & Chinese • Chinese couldn’t learn Mongol language • Foreign administrators (Uighurs) put in charge • End civil service examination, downfall of Confucian scholars • Tolerated all cultural and religious traditions in China • Lamaist Buddhism (Tibetan) became popular w/Mongols

  16. The Golden Horde • What a cool name! • Mongols overran Russia 1237 - 1241 • Invaded Poland, Hungary, & e Germany, 1241-1242 • Had hegemony in Russia ‘til mid 15th cent • Hegemony- control by one person/group over others

  17. The ilkhanate of Persia • Hülegü, captured Baghdad in 1258 • Persians served as ministers, governors, and local officials • Mongols only cared about taxes and order • Ilkhan Ghazan converted to Islam, 1295 • massacres of Christians and Jews

  18. End of Ch 18.2

  19. Ch 18.3 xxx Objectives

  20. Tamerlane (1336-1404) • Had a limp, Timur was self-made • built central Asian empire 1360s; capital in Samarkand • Tamerlane's conquests • First conquered Persia and Afghanistan • Next attacked the Golden Horde • At the end of the fourteenth century, invaded northern India • Ruled the empire through tribal leaders who relied on existing bureaucrats to collect taxes • Tamerlane's heirs struggled and divided empire into four regions

  21. Ottoman Empire- Founding • Osman • Nomadic Turks migrated to Persia and Anatolia • Osman, carves out a small state in northwest Anatolia • Claimed independence from the Saljuq sultan in 1299

  22. Ottoman Conquests • The Balkans (SE Europe) in 1350s • Sultan Mehmed II sacks Constantinople 1453, • renamed it Istanbul • Absorbed the remainder of the Byzantine empire • 16th cent, extended to southwest Asia, southeast Europe, and north Africa

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