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Understanding Carbon Compounds: Organic Molecules and Their Functional Groups

This chapter explores the fundamental characteristics of organic compounds, which are defined by the presence of carbon atoms. It discusses how carbon's unique ability to form four covalent bonds leads to diverse molecular structures such as straight chains, branched chains, and rings. Key functional groups—hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate—are introduced, demonstrating their influence on properties like solubility and energy storage. The role of ATP as an energy molecule is highlighted, showing its importance in biological systems.

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Understanding Carbon Compounds: Organic Molecules and Their Functional Groups

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  1. Chapter 3 Biochemistry Pg. 50

  2. Section 1: Carbon Compounds Organic Compounds • Contain carbon • Come from living things How can you tell whether a compound is organic or not? By the presence of the element, carbon. H2SO4 ? C6H12O6 ?

  3. A carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outermost energy level… What does this mean? Unlike other elements; however, Carbon will also bond with other carbon atoms It means that carbon will form four covalent bonds with atoms of other elements. A carbon atom A molecule of ethane

  4. Carbon atoms bond together in various arrangements… • Straight chains • Branched chains • Rings

  5. Each line in a structural model represents a single bond where 1 pair of electrons is shared • How many pairs of electrons are shared in a double bond? • Where is the double bond ?

  6. Functional Groups • A cluster of atoms that influence the molecules they compose • There are 4 functional groups: 1. hydroxyl 2. carboxyl 3. amino 4. phosphate

  7. 1. Hydroxyl ( -OH) *can make the molecule it is attached to polar • Polar molecules are soluble in water • An alcohol is an example of an organic compound that has a hydroxyl group An alcohol called ethanol

  8. Is alcohol soluble in water?(Does it dissolve in water?) • Yes! Because it is a polar compound like water. “LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE”

  9. 2. Carboxyl Carboxylic acid

  10. 3. Amino • The amino group is found in all amino acids which make up proteins

  11. 4. Phosphate • Ex. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) • There are 3phosphate groups in ATP. • ATP is a molecule that stores energy AND supplies that energy directly to cells

  12. Energy is released from ATP when the bonds between phosphate groups are broken.

  13. For Review: • What is the name of each functional group? A. Hydroxyl B. Carboxyl C. Amino

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