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The Unique Properties of Water and Biological Macromolecules in Biochemistry

Water exhibits unique properties vital for life, including polarity, hydrogen bonding, cohesion, and adhesion, which facilitate processes like temperature regulation and chemical reactions. In biochemistry, carbon compounds form the backbone of life's macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These macromolecules consist of monomers linked through condensation reactions, creating the diverse structures necessary for biological functions. Understanding these concepts is crucial for grasping the complexities of biochemical processes.

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The Unique Properties of Water and Biological Macromolecules in Biochemistry

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  1. Chapter 3: Biochemistry Biochemistry

  2. Water • Water has many unique properties that allow for many of its unique functions.

  3. Polarity: electrons are not shared equally • Polar: uneven electrical charge across a molecule • allows for breaking of ionic bonds in aqueous solutions

  4. Hydrogen Bonds: weak bonds involving hydrogen that are easily broken • Cohesion: force of attraction between like molecules • surface tension • Adhesion: force of attraction between unlike molecules • capillary action

  5. Hydrogen Bonds: weak bonds involving hydrogen that are easily broken • Temperature moderation • acts as an insulator: H bonds break before the molecules change temperature there by slowing the rate of change of temp. • H bonds break before the water dissociates

  6. Other properties • Solid less dense than liquid, hence ice floats • has great biological significance • most molecules the solid is more dense than the liquid • all three states occur naturally on earth

  7. Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen • Phosphorus • Sulfur • Sodium • Potassium • Calcium

  8. Carbon chemistry

  9. Carbon Compounds • organic: containing carbon atoms covalently bonded to other carbon atoms

  10. Carbon bonding • each C atom forms 4 covalent links to other atoms that may or may not be carbon • different formations and different bond strengths result in vastly different substances

  11. Carbon bonding • sp3 hybrid • All bonds even in size and strength • C-C results in completely non-polar bonds

  12. Diamond

  13. Graphite

  14. Coal

  15. Buckyballs and Nanotubes

  16. Macromolecules

  17. Large carbon molecules • Monomers: distinct unit of organic compound i.e. glucose • Polymers: many monomers linked together i.e. starch • Macromolecules: extremely large polymers • Condensation reactions form polymers • Aka: dehydration reaction • Hydrolysis reactions break apart polymers

  18. Hydrolysis H-OH H OH

  19. Condensation H H-OH OH

  20. The four macromolecules Of life

  21. Carbohydrates • Monosaccharide • simple or “One sugar” • ratio of atoms is (CH2O)n

  22. Disaccharides and polysaccharides • two or many sugars • Repeating monosaccharide • Combination of different monosaccharides

  23. Proteins • amino acids • 20 different amino acids (aa) • share a common basic structure with different functional groups • R represents a functional group • Functional groups can be very simple or quite complex

  24. Amino acid structure

  25. Proteins • dipeptides and polypeptides • formed through condensation reactions • affected by many things i.e. temperature, pH, H bonds

  26. Protein Folding

  27. Proteins • enzymes • specialized proteins that act as catalysts • enzyme remains unchanged • reduce activation energy

  28. Activation Energy

  29. Lipids (fats, waxes, oils) • fatty acids • carboxyl group • polar • hydrophilic: water loving • hydrocarbon end • non-polar • hydrophobic: water fearing • Saturated vs unsaturated

  30. Fatty acid

  31. Lipids (fats, waxes, oils) • Complex Lipids • triglycerides • solid at room temp. when saturated • oils and fats

  32. fat oil

  33. Lipids (fats, waxes, oils) • wax • fatty acid chain with alcohol chain • form highly protective layers

  34. Lipids (fats, waxes, oils) • Complex Lipids • phospholipids • two fatty acid chains • compose cell membranes • phospholipid bi-layer creates semi-permeable membrane

  35. Saturated and unsaturated lipids

  36. Phospholipids

  37. Lipids (fats, waxes, oils) • Complex Lipids • steroids • four fused C rings with various functional groups • hormones i.e. testosterone, progesterone, cholesterol, insulin

  38. Nucleic Acids • Made up of nucleotides

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