Introduction to Nanotechnology

1. Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester

2. Introduction to Nanotechnology Some things we will discuss: March 10, 2007 • How big are nanostructures Scaling down to the nanoscale • How are nanostructures made? Fabrication, synthesis, manufacturing • How do we see them? Imaging and property characterization • Why do we care? Applications to science, technology and society

3. Why do we want to make things small? • To make products smaller, cheaper, faster and better by "scaling" them down. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, life-science, etc) • To introduce new physical phenomena for science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)

4. Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. 1 nanometer = 1 x 10-9 m nano.gov

5. Single Hair Width = 0.1 mm How small are nanostructures? = 100 micrometers = 100,000 nanometers ! 1 nanometer = one billionth (10-9) meter

6. DNA 6,000 nanometers Red blood cell 3 nanometers Smaller still Hair .

7. An Early Nanotechnologist?

8. Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773) ...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass....

9. ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... ... perhaps half an Acre CHALLENGE: How thick was the film of oil? Volume = (Area)(Thickness) V = A t It can be determined that the thickness is around 1 nanometer —> ACTIVITY with Oleic Acid

10. An Early Nanotechnologist! A monolayer film (single layer of molecules) Langmuir film ~1 nm thick

11. hydrophobic end e.g., steric acid pressure LangmuirFilm of an amphiphilic molecule monolayer film water hydrophilic end

12. multiple dips - multiple layers Must control movable barrier to keep constant pressure Langmuir-Blodgett Film

13. "Optical Lever" laser pointer To determine amplification factor, use the concept of similar triangles

14. "Optical Lever" x2 x1 y1 y2 For example, if the laser pointer is 2" long, and the wall is 17' (204") away, Motion amplified by 100 times!

15. "Optical Lever" for Profilometry laser . cantilever

16. "Optical Lever" for Profilometry Long light path and a short cantilever gives large amplification laser . cantilever

17. AFM image PS/PEO (large ) µm Scanning probe microscope Laser Beam Vibrating Cantilever Surface AFM, STM, MFM, others

18. AFM Instrument Head AFM Cantilever Chip Quicktime Laser Beam Path Cantilever Deflection

19. More on Nanotechnology

20. From DOE

21. A Few Nanostructures Made at UMass 100 nm dots 70 nm nanowires 200 nm rings 150 nm holes 18 nm pores 12 nm pores 14 nm dots 13 nm rings 25 nm honeycomb 14 nm nanowires

22. "Nano" • Nanoscale - at the 1-100 nm scale, roughly • Nanostructure - an object that has nanoscale features • Nanoscience - the behavior and properties of nanostructures • Nanotechnology - the techniques for making and characterizing nanostructures and putting them to use • Nanomanufacturing - methods for producing nanostructures in reliable and commercially viable ways

23. Nanotechnology R&D is interdisciplinary and impacts many industries • Electronics • Materials • Health/Biotech • Chemical • Environmental • Energy • Aerospace • Automotive • Security • Forest products • And others • Physics • Chemistry • Biology • Materials Science • Polymer Science • Electrical Engineering • Chemical Engineering • Mechanical Engineering • Medicine • And others

24. Making Small SmallerAn Example: Electronics-Microprocessors ibm.com

25. Electronics Keeps On Getting Better Moore's "Law": Number of Transistors per Microprocessor Chip intel.com

26. Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, etc) are of significant and growing importance. Some have been around for a very long time: • Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles • Photographic film - silver nanoparticles • Tires - carbon black nanoparticles • Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium

27. nano.gov "Biggest science initiative since the Apollo program"

28. National Nanotechnology Initiative Program Component Areas (2007 Federal Budget) • Fundamental Nanoscale Phenomena and Processes • Nanomaterials • Nanoscale Devices and Systems • Instrumentation Research, Metrology and Standards for Nanotechnology • Nanomanufacturing • Major Research Facilities and Instrumentation Acquisition • Societal Dimensions

29. Lithography • Deposition • Etching • Machining • Chemical • Self-Assembly Making Nanostructures: Nanofabrication • Top down versus bottom up methods

30. Lithography Mark Tuominen Mark Tuominen (Using a stencil or mask)

31. Electron Beam Polymer film Silicon crystal Making a microscopic mask Example: Electron-Beam Lithography Nanoscopic Mask !

32. Lithography Patterned Several Times IBM Copper Wiring On a Computer Chip

33. ~10 nm NANOFABRICATION BY SELF ASSEMBLY One Example: Diblock Copolymers Block “B” Block “A” PS PMMA Scale set by molecular size Ordered Phases 10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A

34. Deposition Template Etching Mask Nanoporous Membrane CORE CONCEPT FOR NANOFABRICATION (physical or electrochemical) Remove polymer block within cylinders (expose and develop) Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system

35. DEVELOPMENT OF NANOFABRICATION TECHNIQUES FOR PLASMONIC ARRAYS template dots cylinders rings holes

36. How do we see nanostructures? • A light microscope? Helpful, but cannot resolve below 1000 nm • An electron microscope? Has a long history of usefulness at the nanoscale • A scanning probe microscope? A newer tool that has advanced imaging

37. TV screen eye electron beam electron source Light ! prelim. Television Set

38. Electron Beam DETECTOR SAMPLE Scanning Electron Microscope

39. AFM image PS/PEO (large ) µm Scanning probe microscope Laser Beam Vibrating Cantilever Surface AFM, STM, MFM, others

40. STM Image of Nickel Atoms

41. Pushing Atoms Around STM