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C9- Energy in a Cell

C9- Energy in a Cell. Pp. 220-249. Table of Contents. Section 9.1-The Need for Energy Section 9.2- Photosynthesis: Trapping the Sun’s Energy Section 9.3- Getting Energy to Make ATP. 9.1-The Need for Energy. Essential for life

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C9- Energy in a Cell

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  1. C9- Energy in a Cell Pp. 220-249

  2. Table of Contents • Section 9.1-The Need for Energy • Section 9.2- Photosynthesis: Trapping the Sun’s Energy • Section 9.3- Getting Energy to Make ATP

  3. 9.1-The Need for Energy • Essential for life • Active transport, cell division, movement, & production, transport & storage of proteins require energy. • Energy molecule ATP adenosine triphosphate

  4. Forming & Breaking Down ATP • Phosphate groups are positive so they repel each other. • Bonding them requires an input of energy. • AMP adenosine monophosphate 1 group • ADP adenosine diphospate 2 groups • ATP With 3 groups, break down releases even more energy.

  5. Forming & Breaking Down ATP • ATP With 3 groups, breakdown releases even more energy. • ADP-ATP cycle is renewable • The cell doesn’t have to store all the energy it needs.

  6. Forming & Breaking Down ATP • When ATP is broken down to ADP, it can be released from the binding site in the protein and be made available to another ATP.

  7. Uses of Cell Energy • Making new molecules • Building cell membranes & organelles • To maintain homeostasis • To eliminate waste • Transmit nerve impulses

  8. 9.2 Photosynthesis • Trapping Energy from Sunlight • Process of changing sunlight to glucose in 2 steps • Light Dependent RXN converts it to chemical E in form of ATP • Light Independent RXN uses ATP to make glucose

  9. 9.2 Photosynthesis

  10. Photosynthesis- light-dependent • Occurs in the chloroplast in the membranes of the thylakoid discs • Pigment chlorophyll absorbs light (reflects green)

  11. Photosynthesis- light-dependent • Energy from light is transferred to electrons • Electron are passed to a series of proteins or electron transport chain • Water is split to release oxygen; H ion joins carrier molecule NADP (photolysis)

  12. Photosynthesis- light-dependent • NADPH transfers energy to stroma • H ions are pumped into thylakoid & provide energy for ATP or chemiosmosis • Second Phase is light independent- • The Calvin Cycle

  13. Photosynthesis- light-independent • The Calvin Cycle • Series of carbon dioxide reactions to form sugar. • C atom from CO2 bonds w/ 5 carbon sugar ribulose. (Carbon fixation) • 6C sugar divides into 2 3C sugars

  14. Photosynthesis- light-independent • Calvin Cycle • bonds w/ 5 carbon sugar ribulose. • 6C sugar divides into 2 3C sugars • Series of rxn convert 3C molecules into higher energy PGAL (phosphoglyceralde-hyde)

  15. Photosynthesis- light-independent • Calvin Cycle • Series of rxn convert 3C molecules into higher energy PGAL (phosphoglyceralde-hyde) • 5 PGAL make 3 RuBP to replenish what was used so process can continue

  16. 9.3 Getting Energy to Make ATP • Cellular respiration- process that mitochondria use to break down food molecules to ATP. • 3 stages of respiration • Glycolysis • Citric Acid Cycle • Electron Transport Chain

  17. Respiration • Glycolysis series of chemical reactions in cytoplasm to break glucose (6C) to pyruvic acid (3C). • Anaerobic process • Takes 2 ATP to start glycolysis but only makes 4 ATP. • Not effective

  18. Respiration • Glycolysis uses an electron carrier, NAD+, which forms NADH when it accepts 2 electrons. • After glycolysis, the PGAL moves into the mitochondria where 2 more stages occur.

  19. Respiration • Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)- another series of chem RxNs changing acetyl-CoA (2C) to form ATP & CO2. NAD+ & FAD pick up energized electrons & pass them to ETC.

  20. Respiration • Electron Transport Chain- inner membrane of the mitochondria- energized electrons are passed from protein to protein releasing energy as they go.

  21. Respiration • Electron Transport Chain- some energy is used to make ATP & some is used to pump H+ into mitochondrion center • Final e acceptor is O which reacts w/ H to form 2 water molecules • Overall, 32 ATP made aerobicly + 4= 36 total

  22. Fermentation • Anaerobic process to produce ATP w/out oxygen during heavy exertion. • Two types: • Lactic acid fermentation • Alcoholic fermentation

  23. Fermentation • Lactic Acid Fermentation- supplies energy when O is scarce • 2 pyruvic acids use NADH to make 2 lactic acid molecules. 2 ATP formed for each glucose and lactic acid goes to the muscle cells & on to the liver to be broken into pyruvic acid. • Lactic acid causes muscle fatigue.

  24. Fermentation • Alcoholic fermentation- used by yeast cells & some bacteria to produce CO2 & ethyl alcohol. • CO2 produced by yeast makes bread rise.

  25. Comparing Photosynthesis & Respiration • Food synthesized • Sun’s energy stored • CO2 used • Oxygen given off • Requires light • Produces sugars • Food broken down • Glucose energy released • CO2 produced • Oxygen used • Does not need light • Produces CO2 & water

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