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Cancer of the Vulva

Cancer of the Vulva. Essentials of Diagnosis. Typically occurs in postmenopausal women. Long history of vulvar irritation with pruritus, local discomfort, and bloody discharge. Appearance of early lesions like that of chronic vulvar dermatitis.

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Cancer of the Vulva

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  1. Cancer of the Vulva

  2. Essentials of Diagnosis • Typically occurs in postmenopausal women. • Long history of vulvar irritation with pruritus, local discomfort, and bloody discharge. • Appearance of early lesions like that of chronic vulvar dermatitis. • Appearance of late lesions like that of a large cauliflower, or a hard ulcerated area in the vulva. • Biopsy necessary for diagnosis.

  3. Types of Vulvar Cancer • Squamous Cell Carcinoma- most common type of tumor (85-90%) and most frequently involves the anterior half of the vulva. • Malignant Melanoma- second most common vulvar cancer (5%) • Carcinoma of Bartholin's Gland- most common site for vulvar adenocarcinoma • Basal Cell Carcinoma- arise almost exclusively in the skin of the labia majora

  4. Squamous Cell carcinoma • 65% arises in labia majora and minora • 25% percent in clitoris or perineum • Appearance varies from a large, exophytic, cauliflowerlike lesion to a small ulcer crater superimposed on a dystrophic lesion of the vulvar skin • primary determinant of nodal metastases is tumor size.

  5. Malignant Melanoma • Accounts for 5% of vulvar cancers • most commonly arises in the labia minora and clitoris • superficial spread toward the urethra and vagina • nonpigmented melanoma may closely resembles squamous cell carcinoma • darkly pigmented, raised lesion is a characteristic finding

  6. All small pigmented lesions of the vulva are suspect and should be removed by excision biopsy with a 0.5- to 1-cm margin of normal skin • large tumors, the diagnosis should be confirmed by a biopsy

  7. Carcinoma of Bartholin's Gland • Rare (1%) but the most common site of vulvar adenocarcinoma • Most common type is squamous cell

  8. metastasis • Primarily lymphatics to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes • Direct extension to vagina, urethra and anus

  9. Treatment • TOC: wide local excision with inguinal lymph node metastasis • Stage I: ipsilateral lymphadenectomy • Stage II and III: bilateral lymphadenectomy • Late stage III and IV: radical vulvectomy, lymphadenectomy and/or chemoradiation

  10. Cancer of the Vagina

  11. Rare, approximately 3% of gynecologic cancers • Squamuos cell(85%)>adenocarcinomas> sarcomas>melanomas. • Can be ulcerative or exophytic

  12. Essentials of Diagnosis • Asymptomatic: abnormal vaginal cytology. • Early: painless bleeding from ulcerated tumor. • Late: bleeding, pain, weight loss, swelling.

  13. Endometrial Cancer • 3rd most common gynecologic malignancy in the Philippines • Affects mostly peri/postmenopausal women • RISK FACTORS: • Estrogen replacement therapy 4-8x • Menopause after 52 years 2.4x • Obesity 3x-21 to 50lbs, 10x->50lbs • Nulliparity 2-3x • Diabetes 2.8x • Feminizing ovarian tumors • Polycystic ovarian syndrome • Tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer >2 years

  14. Protective factors: • Ovulation • Progestin therapy • Combination oral contraceptives • Menopause prior to 49 years • Normal weight • Multiparity

  15. Etiology: unopposed estrogen exposure • Clinical presentation: • Abnormal uterine bleeding (80) • Physical exam ussually unremarkable

  16. Staging FIGO Surgical Staging of Carcinoma of the Corpus Uteri •     Stage I •     Stage Ia G123 Tumor limited to endometrium •     Stage Ib G123 Invasion to less than one-half the myometrium •     Stage Ic G123 Invasion to more than one-half the myometrium •     Stage II •     Stage IIa G123 Endocervical glandular involvement only •     Stage IIb G123 Cervical stromal invasion •     Stage III •     Stage IIIa G123 Tumor invades serosa and/or adnexa, and/or positive peritoneal cytology •     Stage IIIb G123 Vaginal metastases •     Stage IIIc G123 Metastases to pelvic and/or paraaortic lymph nodes •     Stage IV •     Stage IVa G123 Tumor invades bladder and/or bowel mucosa •     Stage IVb Distant metastases including intra-abdominal and/or inguinal lymph nodes

  17. Treatment • Primary: surgery • bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, peritoneal washings for cytology, and removal of pelvic and periaortic lymph nodes • Adjuvant Chemotherapy: for advanced stages • Doxorubicin and cisplatin

  18. Cancer of the Ovary

  19. Epithelial -65% • Germ cell- 20-25% • Sex cord-6% • Etiology =frequent ovulatio n • Risk factors=nullipairty, decreased fertility, early and late menopause, ovulatory drugs

  20. Clinical presentation • Asymptomatic until late stage • Enlarging abdomen, abdominal mass • Urinary frequency, dysuria, GI complaints • Metastasis to the umbilicus is known as Sister Mary Joseph Nodule

  21. Epithelial Ovarian Cancer • SEROUS - most common type • MUCINOUS • ENDOMETRIOID • CLEAR CELL • BRENNER

  22. Management • SURGERY- primary management • CHEMOTHERAPY- • Paclitaxel-Carboplatin 6 cycles every 3-4 weeks • CA-125- elevated in 80% of px with ovarian Ca -use to evaluate treatment

  23. Germ cell Tumors • 20-25% of ovarian cancers • Arises from undifferentiated germ cells

  24. Histologic Classification • Dysgerminoma- most common malignant GCT • Teratoma- most common GCT • Endodermal sinus tumor • Embryonal carcinoma • Polyembryoma • Choriocarcinoma • Mixed forms

  25. Serum Tumor Markers for Germ Cell Neoplasis

  26. Clinical manifestation • Tumors grow rapidly • Distention of the ovarian capsule • Hemorrhage • Pelvic pain • Pressure on rectum or bladder

  27. Treatment • Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy • Sensitive to chemotherapy- bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin (BEC) • Dysgerminomas- radiation theraPY • SURVIVAL RATE(5 year): • Dysgerminomas-85% • Immature teratomas-70 to 80% • Endodermal sinus tumors- 60 to 70%

  28. Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors • Low-grade malignancies • Occur at any age • Usually unilateral and do not often recur • Functional tumors- produced hormones • Granulosa-theca cells: large amounts of estrogens • Sertoli-Leydig cells: testosterone and androgens

  29. Granulosa-theca cell tumors • Precocious puberty • Menstrual irregularities • Secondary ammenorrhea • Post-menopausal bleeding • Endometrial hyperplasia and/or endometrial cancer

  30. Sertoli-Leydig Cell tumors • Virilization: breast atrophy, hirsutism, deepened voice, acne, clitoromegaly and receding hairline • Oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea

  31. treatment • Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy • Chemotherapy- not effective 5 year survival rate: 70-90%

  32. Fallopian Tube Cancer • Extremely rare: 0.5% of genital tract cancers • 80-90% of FT malignancies are metastatic from other sites (ovary, uterus, GIT • Unknown etiology • Hereditary association (BRCA1)

  33. Clinical manifestation • Hydrops tubae profluens: profuse watery discharge, pelvic pain and pelvic mass - Classic triad of fallopian Ca, only 15% of cases, pathognomonic

  34. Treatment • TAHBSO, retriperitoneal lymph node sampling • Carboplatin and paclitaxel- adjunct therapy

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