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Warm-Ups

Warm-Ups. Chapter 4. Warm-Up (10/9). 1. Name the three layers of the skin. 2. What type of tissue is the epidermis made of? (Be specific) 3. What are some functions of the skin?. Warm-Up (10/9). 1. Name the three layers of the skin. Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

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Warm-Ups

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  1. Warm-Ups Chapter 4

  2. Warm-Up (10/9) 1. Name the three layers of the skin. 2. What type of tissue is the epidermis made of? (Be specific) 3. What are some functions of the skin?

  3. Warm-Up (10/9) 1. Name the three layers of the skin. Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis 2. What type of tissue is the epidermis made of? (Be specific) 3. What are some functions of the skin?

  4. Warm-Up (10/9) 1. Name the three layers of the skin. Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis 2. What type of tissue is the epidermis made of? (Be specific) Stratified squamous epithelial 3. What are some functions of the skin?

  5. Warm-Up (10/9) 1. Name the three layers of the skin. Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis 2. What type of tissue is the epidermis made of? (Be specific) Stratified squamous epithelial 3. What are some functions of the skin? Protection, Forms boundary, Homeostasis

  6. Today’s To-do • Warm-up • Reminders/Announcements • Integumentary System Notes • Skin WS (finish for HW)

  7. Reminders/Announcements • The Skin WS Due Tomorrow (10/10) • Greek #3 Due Friday (10/12) • Library Research Day – Monday (10/15)

  8. Skin and Body Membranes – Part 1 Chapter 4

  9. Body Membranes • Body Membranes – __________ __________________________, line body cavities, and form protective sheets around organs. • Two major groups of body membranes: • _____________________ membranes • __________________________membranes

  10. Epithelial Membranes • 3 kinds: • _____________ Membranes • ____________ Membranes • ____________ Membranes • All contain an epithelial sheet ____________________ ______ an underlying layer of ___________________ tissue. • These membranes are actually simple organs.

  11. Cutaneous Membranes • _______________ Membrane – Skin • Its superficial epidermis is composed of a ________________ stratified squamous epithelium. • The underlying ________ is mostly dense _______________ tissue. • Is exposed to air and is a dry membrane.

  12. Mucous Membrane • Mucous Membrane (_________)– _______ all body cavities that open to the exterior (digestive, urinary, respiratory). • Composed of _______________ resting on a _________________ __________ tissue membrane. • Most contain either stratified squamous epithelium or simple columnar epithelium.

  13. Mucous Membranes • They are “______” or moist membranes that are always continuously bathed in the secretions or urine. • Mucosae of the digestive and respiratory tracts ________________. • Mucosae of the urinary tract produces _____________. • Often adapted for absorption or secretion.

  14. Serous Membranes • Serous Membranes – Line body cavities that are _______________ to the exterior. • Exceptions: Dorsal body cavity and joint cavities • Composed of a layer of _______________________ epithelium resting on a thin layer of ______________ CT.

  15. Serous Membranes • Occur in pairs • The _________________________lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral cavity. • The parietal layer folds in on itself to form the _____ __ ___________________, which covers the outside of the organs in that cavity.

  16. Serous Membranes • Similar to you pushing your fist into a limp balloon. • _________________________= Part of the balloon that clings closely to your fist. • __________________________= Outer wall of the balloon.

  17. Serous Membranes • The serous layers are separated by a thin, clear fluid called __________________________. • Serous fluid is secreted by ______ membranes. • Two layers lie very close to each other. The fluid allows the ___________ to ____________________ across the cavity walls and one another.

  18. Serous Membranes: Examples • _________________– Serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs. • ____________– Serous membrane that surrounds the lungs. • _______________– Serous membrane that surrounds the heart.

  19. Connective Tissue Membranes • ________________________– Composed of soft __________ CT and contain no epithelial cells at all. • ____________ organs moving against each other during muscle activity (such as the movement of a _____________ across a __________________ ________________________).

  20. Where are Synovial Membranes Located? • Line the fibrous capsules surrounding ____________. • Provide a smooth surface and secrete a lubricating fluid. • Also line small sacs of CT called __________and the tubelike_________________ _________________.

  21. Integumentary System (Skin) • Skin (Integument) – ________________ membrane; External covering of the body. • ______________________________– The skin and its derivatives (sweat and oil glands, hairs, and nails).

  22. Skin • Absolutely essential because it ________________ and other precious molecules _________________. • It also keeps water and other things out. • __________________, yet tough, which allows it to take constant punishment from external agents. • Without our skin, we would quickly fall prey to ________________ and perish from _________ and ___________________.

  23. Functions of the Skin • Protects the entire body from: • _________________________ damage (bumps and cuts) • ___________________damage (such as from acids and bases) • _________________________ damage (heat and cold) • ____________________________________________(sunlight) • bacteria • Insulates and cushions the deeper organs. • Acts as a mini-excretory system. • Urea, salts, and water are lost through sweat. • Manufactures several proteins important to immunity and synthesizes _________________________. • _________________________ receptors provide us with a great deal of information about our external environment.

  24. The Main Layers of Skin • ________________________ • Dermis • _________________________ or Subcutaneous Tissue

  25. The Main Layers of Skin • Epidermis • The _________________________ of the skin. • Made up of stratified squamous epithelium that is capable of _________________________, or becoming hard and tough. • Dermis • The _________________________ of the skin. • Made up of dense _____________________. • Hypodermis or Subcutaneous Tissue • Subcutaneous layer of _______ and loose connective tissue that help insulate the body and acts as a shock absorber. • ________ considered part of the skin, but it does __________ the skin to underlying organs.

  26. Blisters • The epidermis and dermis are firmly connected. • Friction or a burn may cause them to separate and results in a _________________________.

  27. Chapter 4: Skin Part 2

  28. Epidermis • Outer layer of skin • Does not contain blood vessels (_______________________). • Therefore when you slightly scratch your arm it doesn’t bleed! • Most cells of the epidermis are _________________________(keratin cells), which produce _________________________(the fibrous protein that makes the epidermis tough).

  29. Epidermis Structure • Composed of 5 zones or layers called strata. • Stratum _____________ (most superficial) • Stratum _____________ • Stratum _____________ • Stratum _____________ • Stratum _____________(deepest)

  30. Epidermis Structure: Stratum Corneum • Stratum __________________ – Outermost layer of the epidermis • It accounts for almost ______ of the epidermal thickness. • Contains shinglelike dead cell remnants, completely filled with keratin, called _____________or horny cells. • Its overabundance of keratin in this layer allows it to provide a _____________ __________ for the body which protects the deeper cells.

  31. Epidermis Structure: Stratum Corneum • _____________ to get adequate nutrients and oxygen because it is so _______________________ a blood source. Therefore, the cells of this layer are _____________. Nearly everything we see when we look at someone is dead! • This layer rubs and flakes off slowly and steadily and is replaced by the cells produced in the _________________. We have a totally “new” epidermis every 25-45 days.

  32. Epidermis Structure: Stratum Lucidum • Stratum _____________– Layer is formed by the cells that were produced in the stratum basale and pushed up, which are now flatter, increasingly full of keratin, and are _____________. • _____________; only occurs where the skin is hairless and extra thick such as the ____________________________________________________ _____________. • Not able to get adequate nutrients and oxygen because it is so far away from a blood source.

  33. Epidermis Structure: Stratum Granulosum and Stratum Spinosum • Stratum _____________– The living cells produced in the stratum _____________are pushed up through this layer. • Stratum _____________– The living cells produced in the stratum _____________are pushed up through this layer.

  34. Epidermis Structure: Stratum Basale • Stratum _____________- Deepest cell layer of the epidermis • Lies closest to the dermis and contains the __________ epidermal cells that receive _____________________ via diffusion of nutrients ________________________. • These cells are __________________ undergoing cell division. The daughter cells are _______________and become part of the more superficial layers.

  35. Melanin • _____________– Pigment that ranges in color from yellow to brown to black; found chiefly in the stratum _____________. • __________________ – Cells that produce melanin. • Tanning Occurs: When the skin is exposed to sunlight, it stimulates the _______________________ to produce more melanin. • Freckles and Moles: Are seen where melanin is ____________ in one spot.

  36. How Melanin Protects • The stratum basale cells phagocytize (eat) the pigment. • As it accumulates within them, the melanin forms a protective pigment “umbrella” over the _____________, or “sunny,” side of their nuclei. • The “umbrella” _____________ _____________ from the damaging effects of UV radiation.

  37. Excessive Sun Exposure • Despite melanin’s protective effects, excessive sun exposure _____________the skin: • _____________skin (elastic fibers clump together). • Depresses the _____________system. • People infected with herpes simplex (cold sores) are more likely to have an eruption after sunbathing. • Can _____________ _____________ of skin cells, resulting in _____________. • Black people seldom have skin cancer, attesting to melanin’s amazing effectiveness as a natural sunscreen.

  38. Dermis • Inner layer of the skin • Located _____________the epidermis and the hypodermis. • Is your “hide.” • When you purchase leather goods, you are buying the _____________ of animals. • It is a strong, stretchy envelope that helps hold the body together.

  39. Dermis • The dermis varies in thickness. • It is _____________on the palms of the hands. • It is _____________on the eyelids. • The ____________________ CT making up the dermis consists of two major regions: • _____________Layer • _____________Layer

  40. Papillary Layer of the Dermis • _____________– Upper dermal region. • Uneven and has fingerlike projections from its superior surface, called _____________ _____________, which indent the epidermis above.

  41. Papillary Layer of the Dermis • Many contain _____________ _____________, which furnish nutrients to the epidermis. • Others house pain receptors (free nerve endings) and touch receptors called _________________________. • On the hands and feet, the papillae are arranged in _____________patterns that increase friction and gripping ability. • Fingertips have sweat pores and leave unique, identifying films of sweat called fingerprints.

  42. Reticular Layer of the Dermis • __________________________ - Deepest skin layer. • Contains: • Blood vessels • Sweat and oil glands • Deep pressure receptors called _________________. • Many ________________ are found here. • To prevent bacteria from penetrating any deeper.

  43. Both Layers of the Dermis • Collagen and elastic fibers are found throughout the dermis. • _____________ : • Responsible for the _____________of the dermis. • Attract and bind water and thus help to keep the skin hydrated. • ______________________ : • Give the skin its elasticity. • The dermis also has a rich _____________ supply.

  44. Homeostasis • The dermis is abundantly supplied with __________________________ that play a role in maintaining body temperature homeostasis. • If Cold: • Blood vessels in the dermis _____________, helping to limit heat loss. • Blood _____________the dermis capillaries temporarily, which allows internal body temperature to stay high. • If Hot: • Blood vessels widen, bringing heat from the body's core to the skin and __________________________ heat loss. • Skin becomes reddened and warm and allows body heat to _____________________ from the skin surface.

  45. Decubitus Ulcers (_____________) • Occurs in _____________patients who are not turned or who are _____________or pulled across the bed repeatedly. • The weight of the body puts pressure on the skin, especially over _____________ _____________. • A restriction of blood supply occurs and results in _____________.

  46. Which Pigments Affect Skin Color • Three pigments contribute to skin color: • The amount and kind (yellow, reddish brown, or black) of _____________in the epidermis. • The amount of _____________(orange- yellow pigment found in foods such as carrots) deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue. • The amount of _____________bound to _____________(pigment in red blood cells) in the dermal blood vessels.

  47. How Do These Pigments Affect Skin Color? • Lots of _____________= brown-toned skin. • Less _____________= light-toned skin. • In light skinned people, the _____________color of oxygen-rich hemoglobin in the _____________blood supply flushes through the _____________cell layers and gives the skin a rosy glow.

  48. Cyanosis • _____________– When hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated. • Cyanosis is common during heart failure and severe breathing disorders. • Both the blood and the skin of Caucasians _____________. • In black people, the skin does not appear cyanotic because of the _____________effects of melanin, but cyanosis is apparent in their mucous membranes and _____________.

  49. Other Influences of Skin Color • Redness or _____________– • May indicate embarrassment (blushing), fever, _____________inflammation, or _____________. • _____________or _____________– • Under certain types of emotional _____________(anger, fear, and others)some people become pale. • May also signify _____________ ____ blood pressure, or impaired blood flow into the area.

  50. Other Influences of Skin Color • _____________or a Yellow Cast – • Usually signifies a liver disorder in which excess __________________ are absorbed into the blood, circulated throughout the body, and deposited into body tissues. • Bruises or Black-and-Blue Marks – • Reveal sites where ________________ _________ from the circulation and has clotted in the tissue space. Clotted blood masses are called ___________ _______________.

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