Interaction between organisms

2. Interaction between organisms

3. We share our environments with many different species. Some interactions are good while others can be harmful.

4. Competition • when two or more individuals orpopulations try to use the same resource (food, water,shelter, sunlight)

5. Competition Competition can happen within a population, like these elk who are fighting over the same territory or mate. Or competition can happen between different populations, like these different species of trees and plants who are competing with each other for sunlight and space.

6. Predators and Prey – one organism eating the other • prey – the organism being eaten • predator – the one who eats the prey When a bird eats a worm, the worm is the prey and the bird is the predator.

7. Who’s the predator, who’s the prey? Alligator and turtle

8. Who’s the predator, who’s the prey? Lion and zebra

9. Who’s the predator, who’s the prey? Praying mantis and hummingbird

10. With the predator being so powerful, we start to feel bad for the prey. But nature has given prey a few methods and abilities to help them out. 3 Prey adaptations Camouflage Defensive Chemicals Warning Coloration

11. camouflage – blending in with the background • One way animals avoid being eaten is by being hard to see. Many animals mimic twigs, bark, leaves, stones, or other material in their environment. A snow fox and a toad are using camouflage to hide.

12. Can you find me? A praying mantis

13. Can you find me? Two snow grouse

14. Can you find me? A flounder

15. Can you find me? A leaf mimicking walking stick

16. Can you find me? A baby pheasant

17. Can you find me? A cicada

18. Can you find me? A moth

19. Can you find me? A wolf spider

20. Can you find me? A weasel

21. Can you find me? A wolf

22. Another prey adaptation is the use of chemicals to defend themselves • defensive chemicals – inject or spray attackers Who might do this?

23. Defensive Chemicals • The skunk and the bombardier beetle both spray predators with irritating chemicals.

24. Defensive Chemicals • Bees, ants, and wasps inject a powerful acid into their attackers.

25. Defensive Chemicals • The skin of both the poison arrow frog and a bird called the Hooded Pitohui contain a deadly toxin. Any animal that eats, or tries to eat either of these animals will likely die.

26. Our last prey adaptation is the use of warning colors • warning coloration – warn predators that they are dangerous Predators will avoid any animal that has the colors and patterns they associate with pain, illness, or unpleasant experiences.

27. The most common warning colors are red, yellow, orange, black, white

28. Some species have very close interactions with other species • Symbiosis - close, long-term association between two or more species 3 main types include: Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

29. Mutualism • both benefit

30. Mutualism • Example: good bacteria in your intestines The bacteria get a meal from you while they help break down food, and you get vitamins that the bacteria produce.

31. Mutualism • The aphid and the ant The ant will protect theaphidin return for the honeydewthat aphids produce

32. Commensalism • one benefits and other unaffected

33. Commensalism • Example: remoras and sharks Remora fish attach themselves to sharks to hitch a ride and eat any scraps left by the sharks. Sharks are unaffected.

34. Commensalism • Clown fish and sea anemone The clown fish livesamong the tentaclesof the sea anemoneas protection. Sea anemone is unaffected.

35. Parasitism • one benefits and the other is harmed

36. Parasitism • Parasite – the one that benefits • Host – the one that is harmed The mosquito is the parasite and the human is the host

37. Parasitism • Example: wasp & caterpillar Wasp lays her eggs on the caterpillar. When the eggs hatch, they eat the caterpillar as food. Who is the host and who is the parasite?

38. Parasitism • In the example of the wasp and the caterpillar, the host dies. Most parasites don’t kill their hosts because parasites depend on their hosts. If a parasite were to kill it’s host, the parasite would have to find another one.

39. Parasitism • Roundworms and dogs Roundworms live insidethe dog and feed offits intestinal material, harming the dog. Who is the host and who is the parasite?

40. Let’s practice! Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism One benefits Other unaffected One benefits Other harmed Both benefit

41. Mutualism, Commensalism, or Parasitism? • Barnacles and whales Barnacles attach themselvesto the bodies of whales and are transported to vast areas where foodmight be. Whales are unaffected.

42. Mutualism, Commensalism, or Parasitism? • Ticks and humans Ticks suck blood from the human

43. Mutualism, Commensalism, or Parasitism? • The Oxpecker and the rhino The Oxpecker bird eats blood sucking insects off the Rhinos skin.

44. Mutualism, Commensalism, or Parasitism? • Cowbirds and dickcissel birds Cowbirds will lay their eggs in the nest of dickcissel birds.When the eggs hatch, the babycowbirds push out the dickcissel babies and the cowbirds are fed and raised by the dickcissel parents.

45. Mutualism, Commensalism, or Parasitism? • The boxer crab and small anemones The boxer crab will carrysmall anemones in its clawsto scare off predators. In return, the anemones eatany scraps that fall when the crab eats.

46. Mutualism, Commensalism, or Parasitism? • Cattle crane and cattle The cattle crane eats the insects that the cattle stir up as they graze inpastures. Cattle are unaffected.