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Chapter 5 Development and Plasticity of the Brain

Chapter 5 Development and Plasticity of the Brain. Development of the Brain. Plasticity Nature versus Nurture Rapid development. Fig. 5-1, p. 122. Fig. 5-2, p. 123. Development of the Brain. The human central nervous system begins to form when the embryo is approximately 2 weeks old.

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Chapter 5 Development and Plasticity of the Brain

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  1. Chapter 5 Development and Plasticity of the Brain

  2. Development of the Brain • Plasticity • Nature versus Nurture • Rapid development

  3. Fig. 5-1, p. 122

  4. Fig. 5-2, p. 123

  5. Development of the Brain. • The human central nervous system begins to form when the embryo is approximately 2 weeks old.

  6. Fig. 5-3, p. 123

  7. Development of the Brain • The fluid-filled cavity becomes the central canal of the spinal cord and the four ventricles of the brain.

  8. Development of the Brain • At birth, the human brain weighs approximately 350 grams. • By the first year. the brain weighs approximately 1000 grams. • The adult brain weighs 1200-1400 grams.

  9. Development of the Brain • The development of neurons in the brain involves the following four processes: • Proliferation • Differentiation • Myelination • Synaptogenesis

  10. Fig. 5-6, p. 127

  11. Development of the Brain • Neurogenesis?? • Sperry’s (1954) research

  12. Fig. 5-7, p. 127

  13. Development of the Brain • Neural Darwinism • Neurotropin • Apoptosis • Nerve growth factor (NGF)

  14. Development of the Brain • Fetal alcohol syndrome • Cocaine abuse • Enriched versus impoverished environments

  15. Fig. 5-10, p. 131

  16. Fig. 5-11, p. 132

  17. Fig. 5-12, p. 133

  18. Plasticity After Brain Damage • Survivors of brain damage show subtle to significant behavioral recovery. • Some of the mechanisms of recovery include those similar to the mechanisms of brain development such as the new branching of axons and dendrites.

  19. Plasticity After Brain Damage • Possible causes of brain damage include: • Tumors • infections • exposure to toxic substances • degenerative diseases • closed head injuries.

  20. Fig. 5-13, p. 138

  21. Plasticity After Brain Damage • A closed head injury • A stroke or cerebrovascular accident • Ischemia • Hemorrhage • Edema-

  22. How can we help? • tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) • Cooling the brain • Cannabanoids

  23. Fig. 5-14, p. 139

  24. Plasticity After Brain Damage • Diaschisis • Axonal regrowth • Collateral sprouts • Gangliosides • Progesterone

  25. Fig. 5-16, p. 141

  26. Fig. 5-17, p. 142

  27. Plasticity After Brain Damage • Ways the brain compensates for decreased input and to restores normal functioning include: • Denervation supersensitivity • Disuse supersensitivity

  28. Plasticity After Brain Damage • Phantom limb • Deafferenated limbs

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