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CoSci 442 Microprocessor Systems

CoSci 442 Microprocessor Systems. Presented by: Engr. Ronnie D. Caytiles. BSCS College of Computer Studies University of Antique. Contents:. General Definitions Historical Perspectives Mechanical Age Electrical Age Programming Advancements Microprocessor Age Modern Microprocessors

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CoSci 442 Microprocessor Systems

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  1. CoSci 442Microprocessor Systems Presented by: Engr. Ronnie D. Caytiles BSCSCollege of Computer StudiesUniversity of Antique

  2. Contents: • General Definitions • Historical Perspectives • Mechanical Age • Electrical Age • Programming Advancements • Microprocessor Age • Modern Microprocessors • Microprocessor Applications John von Neumann(1903-1957)

  3. What is a computer? • A Computer is a programmable machine. • The two principal characteristics of a computer are: • It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. • It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program ).

  4. What is a computer? • Modern computers are electronic and digital . • The actual machinery wires, transistors, and circuits is called hardware. the instructions and data are called software.

  5. What comprises a computer? • All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components: • Memory: Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs. • Mass storage device : Allows a computer to permanentlyretain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives.

  6. What comprises a computer? • Input device: Usually a keyboard and mouse are the input device through which data and instructions enter a computer. • Output device: A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished. • Central processing unit (CPU): The heart of thecomputer, this is the component that actually executes instructions.

  7. What comprises a computer? • In addition to these components, many others make it possible for the basic components to work together efficiently. • For example, every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to another.

  8. Classifications of computers: • Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlap: • Personal computer • Working station • Minicomputer • Mainframe • Supercomputer

  9. Personal Computer • A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data.

  10. Working Station • A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.

  11. Working Station • A type of computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and other types of applications that require a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high quality graphics capabilities. • Workstations generally come with a large, high resolution graphics screen, at least 64 MB (mega bytes) of RAM, built-in network support, and a graphical user interface. • Like personal computers, most workstations are single user computers. However, workstations are typically linked together to form a local-area network, although they can also be used as stand-alone systems.

  12. Minicomputer • A multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously. • A minicomputer, a term no longer much used, is a computer of a size intermediate between a microcomputer and a mainframe. • IBM AS/400 is an example.

  13. Mainframe • A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.

  14. Supercomputer • An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. • Typically used for scientific and engineering applications that must handle very large databases or do a great amount of computation (or both).

  15. What is a microcomputer? • The term microcomputer is generally synonymous with personal computer, or a computer that depends on a microprocessor. • Microcomputers are designed to be used by individuals, whether in the form of PCs, workstations or notebook computers.

  16. What is a microcomputer? • A microcomputer contains a CPU on a microchip (the microprocessor), a memory system (typically ROM and RAM), a bus system and I/O ports, typically housed in a motherboard.

  17. Microprocessor Overview • What is a microprocessor? • Microprocessors are regarded as one of the most important devices in our everyday machines called computers. • Microprocessor is an electronic circuit that functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, providing computational control. • Microprocessors incorporate arithmetic and logic functional units as well as the associated control logic, instruction processing circuitry, a portion of the memory hierarchy. portions of the interface logic for the input/output (I/O) and memory subsystems • CPU in a single chip

  18. Microprocessor Overview • What is CPU? • Central Processing Unit • Executes instructions • Store data & instructions temporarily through its internal registers • Performs arithmetic & logical operations

  19. Microprocessor Overview • Microprocessor Classifications • by the semiconductor technology of their design • TTL, transistor-transistor logic • CMOS, complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor • ECL, emitter-coupled logic • by the width of the data format they process • 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, or 64 bit • by their instruction set • CISC, complex instruction-set computers • RISC, reduced instruction-set computers

  20. Microprocessor Overview • Microprocessors have been compared with the heart and the brains of the humans. Their operation has been likened to a switched board, and to a nervous system in an animal. Its original purpose was to control memory. Thus, a microprocessor is ‘a component that implements memory’. • A microprocessor can do any information-processing task that can beexpressed, precisely, as a plan. It is totally uncommitted as to what its planwill be. It is a truly general-purpose information-processing device. Theplan, which it is to execute—which will, in other words, control itsoperation—is stored electronically. This is the principle of “stored programcontrol”. Without a program the microprocessor can do nothing.

  21. Microprocessor Overview • Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors: • Instruction set: The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute. • Bus width: The number of bits processed in a single instruction. • Clock speed: Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speeddetermines how many instructions per second the processor can execute.

  22. Microprocessor Overview • In both cases, the higher the value, the more powerful the CPU. For example, a 32 bit microprocessor that runs at 50MHz is more powerful than a 16-bit microprocessor that runs at 50MHz. • In addition to bus width and clock speed, microprocessors are classified as being either RISC (reduced instruction set computer) or CISC (complex instruction set computer).

  23. Historical Perspectives • Mechanical Age • Abacus • Pascal’s Calculator • Babbage’s Analytical Engine • Electrical Age • Hollerith’s Punched Card Machine • Z 3, invented by Konrad Zuse • Colossus, invented by Alan Turing • ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator • EDVAC, Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator

  24. Programming Advancements Machine language Assembly Language FLOW-MATIC FORTRAN ALGOL COBOL RPG BASIC C/C++ PASCAL ADA SmallTalk PROLOG JAVA PHP LISP VB C# J# Delphi HTML PEARL Python Foxpro Historical Perspectives

  25. Historical Perspectives • Microprocessor Age • Intel 4004(1971), world’s first microprocessor • Intel 4040, updated version • Intel 8008, extended 8-bit version • Intel 8080, first modern 8-bit microprocessor • MITS Altair 8800, first personal computer • Intel 8085

  26. Historical Perspectives • Modern Microprocessors • Intel 8086/8088 • Intel 80286 • Intel 80386 • Intel 80486 • Pentium • Pentium Pro • Pentium II • Pentium III • Pentium IV

  27. Microprocessor Applications • Personal Computer • Personal Workstation • Real Time Controller • Embedded Control

  28. Questions??? Charles Babbage(1791-1871)

  29. Assignment #02 • Differentiate CISC from RISC. • Determine the number of transistors & clock speeds of the following microprocessors: • Pentium Processors • Dual Core Processors • Quad Core Processors • To be submitted on: November 16, 2010

  30. Activity #01 • Create five (5) groups • Submit group members name in a sheet of paper.

  31. Quiz #001 • Identify the following: • A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished. • A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. • An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. • an electronic circuit that functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, providing computational control. • The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.

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