Ancient Rome

1. Ancient Rome

2. Lesson 1 Vocabulary • Sicily • peninsula • land • Alps • Apennines • basin – Po basin

3. 1. Italian Peninsula • Boot shaped • Europe • Sicily: near by island • Close to Africa and Greece • Italy is midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea • Mountainous, not as bad as Greece • Rich farmland, yet sea people

4. 2. Natural Regions: PAAW • 1st= Alps, in the north, mts. separated Italy from the rest of Europe. • 2nd= Apennines, mts. the length of the peninsula to Sicily • 3rd = Po Basin, south of the Alps, it is between the two mt. ranges • 4th= the Western Coastal Plain, fertile

5. The Alps The Apennines The Po Basin The Western Coastal Plain

6. 3. The Early Romans: LEG • 1st were the Latins from Central Europe who settled around the Tiber River. • Settlers from Greece too • Etruscans [lived in the north], possibly from Gaul…modern day France

7. 4. Growth of Rome • Western coastal plain attracted settlers because of its fertile land.

8. This is a ______. What does it help us remember? This is a ______. What does it help us remember? DO NOW:

10. Lesson 2: The Roman Republic

11. The Story of How Rome Was Given its Name

12. The Story of Romulus and Remus The twin brothers Romulus and Remus were the sons of the god Mars. When they were very young they were abandoned by the banks of the Tiber River and left to fend for themselves. Luckily for them, they were found by a she-wolf who took pity on them and fed them with her milk.  Later, a shepherd found the boys and took them home to look after them. He ended up raising the boys as his own children. The boys grew up to be very strong and clever. They decided to build a town on the spot where the shepherd had found them. 

13. Shortly after building the town, the twins had a big argument about who should be in charge. Romulus overpowered his brother Remus, who died in the fight. Romulus then became the first king of this town which he named Rome, after himself. As you can see, the early days of the city of Rome are surrounded with mystery. Much of what historians believe is based upon circumstance, as there is little evidence remaining of what Rome was like two and a half thousand years ago. What we do have, is a Legend, a story that is partly based on fact, partly based on fiction. 

14. Republic voting rights Senate Consuls Plebeians Patricians Tribune Twelve tables Punic Wars Lesson 2 Vocabulary

15. 1. Birth of a Republic • Rome used to have kings-monarchy • 509 BCE set up aRepublic: government in which RICHcitizens have a right to choose their ruler. How does it differ from an OLIGARCHY?? • Oligarchy = Rich Rule • Republic comes from the Latin: “publica”=public things

16. Birth of Republic- cont’d • Only MALE citizens w/ money and property could vote-how does this differ from Greece? • More wealth → more power • Senate: lawmaking council-in Greece it was what? • Senators elect 2 men to serve as consuls: share power, command army, Veto powers

17. Arch of Constantine and Where Senate Met

18. 2. Patricians and Plebeians made up the population • Patricians = rich powerful families in senate, 200 patrician families • Plebeians = most of the people in Rome: farmers, merchants. Free citizens, but no say in government • Years later… A walk out! A revolt! • Tribunes: people elected to protect plebeian’s interests. 10/year

19. 3. The Twelve Tables • Roman laws had been based on custom- “It’s always been this way!” – nothing was written in stone. • Creation of the Twelve Tables: written on 12 bronze tablets • Code of laws made by plebeians and patricians- NOW ALL HAD RIGHTS

20. How the Romans Voted • Romans voted on tablets using a pointed stick.

21. What are the 4 Natural Regions of the Italian peninsula? Who were the 3 Early Settlers on the Italian peninsula? DO NOW: ON THE COVERrephrase each question into a statement

22. On your cover, describe the African elephants below with 3 powerful adjectives.

23. 4. Rome Expands • 3 BIG POWERS-Med. Area • Rome • Alexandria, • Egypt • Carthage – north coast of Africa Sicily Carthage Egypt

24. 5. War with Carthage • Punic Wars: Rome and Carthage fight for Sicily • Rome wins and gets Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica • Leader of Carthage vows revenge by his son Hannibal

25. The Punic Wars Rome was growing, It was starting to expand beyond the southern Italian peninsula.   At the same time as Rome was growing, so was the city-state of Carthage.  Carthage was in North Africa and had sent out its ships and soldiers to many parts of the Mediterranean.  Carthage had conquered three islands off the coast of modern day Italy, and Rome felt that these islands should belong to Rome.  The two governments could not reach any agreement, so these two powers went to war.  Carthage had a great navy.  The Romans had a great army.  This war was going to be bad.  

26. The wars between Rome and Carthage are called the Punic Wars.  The First Punic war lasted for 20 years.  Neither side won.  Carthage could not beat Rome's army, but Rome could not beat Carthage's Navy.  The war causes many deaths and lots of destruction.  The First Punic war ended when Carthage decided to end the fighting by giving Rome one of the three islands.   The Romans still wanted the other two islands, and Carthage wanted Rome to stop expanding towards Africa, so everyone knew that there would soon be a second war.   There soon would be.  

27. At the end of the First Punic war, Carthage's decided to expand into Iberia (Spain).  They sent their best army with their best general Hamilcar.  Hamilcar took along his oldest son Hannibal to help him.  Carthage was doing really well in Iberia when Hamilcar got sick and died.  The Carthaginians wondered what to do.  The army had no such worries.  By popular acclaim, they made Hannibal their General.  

28. Hannibal: Hannibal was a great general.  He was very , very tricky.  He won battles by using new and different ideas.  As an example, once while fighting at sea, he had his men throw live snakes on to the enemies ship.  The snakes frightened the enemy so badly they surrendered. 

29. Carthage wanted to conquer all of Iberia and Hannibal set about doing just that.  Unfortunately, some of the cities in Iberia were allies of Rome.  When Hannibal attacked one of these cities, Rome saw the excuse they needed, so they declared war on Carthage.  But they did not go after Hannibal in Iberia.  They sent their main army to attack Carthage.  Hannibal knew he had to do something to prevent the Romans from conquering Carthage, but what?  He was in Iberia with his army. Rome was safe on the other side of the Alps, which were a very tall and steep set of mountains. Hannibal didn't let that stop him.  In a feat for which he is remembered still, Hannibal decided to invade the Italian peninsula by going over the Alps.  He decided to bring his war elephants with him.   No one of the time believed that it was possible, and it almost wasn't.  Hannibal lost most of his elephants to the cold of the mountains, and he lost half of his men as well.  But he did cross the Alps and brought the rest of his army into the Italian peninsula to attack Rome. 

30. Because of his losses as he crossed the Alps, Hannibal's army was not strong enough to attack the city of Rome.  So Hannibal attacked other cities and towns throughout the Italian peninsula.  Hannibal and his army spent 15 years on the Italian peninsula fighting against the Roman legions.  Rome was worried and afraid.  They had to keep a large army near Rome to protect against Hannibal so they could never get enough troops out to catch him.  Rome settled on a new strategy.  Once again, they sent their army to attack Carthage itself.   

31. The leaders of Carthage panicked and called Hannibal and his army home.  Before Hannibal could return, the Roman army had Carthage surrounded.  The leaders of Carthage surrendered.  Carthage agreed to limit the size of its army and navy, to pay tribute to Rome, and to leave Spain and Italy.  When Hannibal got back, Carthage reneged on the deal.  Rome sent back its army and finally defeated Hannibal's forces.  They did not manage to catch Hannibal himself, but they made Carthage shrink its army and navy even more, and pay even more tribute.   The war was over.  But the Romans were still after Hannibal.  Hannibal led his troops back to Spain and continued fighting against Rome.  

32. Third Punic War.  While Rome was busy at other tasks and in other parts of the world, the city of Carthage was growing strong again.  Soon Carthage felt strong enough to fight Rome.  The third Punic war started.  The Romans and Carthage fought for several years but Rome was too strong.  The Romans defeated Carthage again. But this time Rome had had enough.  They rounded up all the people of Carthage and sold them into slavery. They tore down every building in the city, then spread salt over all the farms and fields around where Carthage had been.  Thus the land was no good for growing food.  There was no longer a city of Carthage.   

33. 6. Hannibal Crosses the Alps • Second Punic War Invades Italy from the north – the Alps • Many battles • Scipio: Roman general attacks Carthage, Hannibal forced to leave Rome Hannibal’s path

34. Lesson 3 The Roman Empire

35. territory Roman Empire Julius Caesar Dictator soothsayer civil war Octavian Augustus Ides of March Pax Romana Lesson 3 Vocabulary

36. BRICK MARBLE Please give 5 adjectives for each

37. 1. Building an Empire • Roman armies march to add newterritories- large areas of land • Strong Roman gov’t made this possible • Each territory was a Roman state w/ a governor • New areas kept their own customs

38. Julius Caesar

39. 2.Julius Caesar • Most powerful leader • Was a patrician • Conquered many lands • Senate made him adictator = someone with absolute power- because he was a great general.

40. The Roman Empirefrom Britain to Mesopotamia

41. 3. Ides of March • Senators grew angry b/c Caesar took away their power • Wears purple – a color of royalty • Warning from asoothsayer – predicts the future • March 15th – murdered on the Ides of March • Ides = middle of month

42. Planning the Assassination The conspirators [men who meet to plan an evil crime] never met exactly openly, but they assembled a few at a time in each other's homes. There were many discussions and proposals, as might be expected, while they investigated how and where to execute their design to kill Caesar. • Some suggested that they should make the attempt along the Sacred Way, which was one of his favorite walks. • Another idea was to do it at the elections, during which he had to cross a bridge. • Some proposed that they draw sticks for someone to push him from the bridge and others to run up and kill him. • A third plan was to wait for a coming gladiatorial show. The advantage of that was, because of the show, no suspicion would be aroused if arms [weapons] were seen.

43. In the days leading up to the assassination, Caesar was told by doctors, friends, and even his wife, Calpurnia, not to attend the Senate on the Ides of March for various reasons, including medical concerns and troubling dreams Calpurnia had. The majority opinion, however, favored killing him while he sat in the Senate. He would be there by himself, since only Senators were admitted. Conspirators could hide their daggers beneath their togas. This plan won the day.

44. ...his friends were alarmed at certain rumors and tried to stop him from going to the Senate-house, as did his doctors, for he was suffering from one of his occasional dizzy spells. His wife, Calpurnia, especially, who was frightened by some visions in her dreams, clung to him and said that she would not let him go out that day. But Brutus, one of the conspirators and BEST friend, came up and said, “What is this, Caesar? Are you a man to pay attention to a woman's dreams and the idle gossip of stupid men, and to insult the Senate by not going out, although it has honored you and has been specially summoned by you? But listen to me; cast aside the strong feelings of all these people, and come. The Senate has been in session waiting for you since early this morning.” This convinced Caesar and he left.

45. Assassination

46. Where Julius Caesar was cremated- dispose of a dead person’s body by burning to ashes

47. Augustus • Adopted by Julius Caesar, Augustus (c.62 BCE – 14 CE) Reigned (31 BCE – 14 CE) had to fight for his throne. His long rule saw a huge expansion in the Roman Empire and the beginnings of a dynasty that, over the next century, would transform Rome, for better and worse.  The man who would become one of Rome’s greatest leaders had an unpromising start in life. Augustus was a sickly child in a family with few connections.  His father died when Augustus was four. His future looked bleak: Rome was dangerous and engulfed by civil war. However, Rome was led by his great-uncle, Julius Caesar. 

48. A bit of luck Then Augustus got a lucky break. In 46 BCE, Caesar won the civil war and was named dictator of Rome. To secure his position, he needed an heir. With no son of his own, he adopted Augustus. This was a fantastic opportunity for a young man from nowhere. Almost at once, however, Caesar was dead – murdered by his own advisors. Augustus was just 19, but immediately threw himself into the backstabbing world of Roman politics . 

49. Claiming the throne He formed a strategic alliance with Marc Antony, a successful and ambitious general. Over the next few years, they defeated their enemies in Rome and chased the survivors to Greece, where they finished them off in two of the bloodiest battles in Roman history. The killing over, the empire was theirs and they divided the spoils. Augustus kept Rome, while Antony took Egypt. There he fell under the spell of Cleopatra, Egypt’s beautiful queen. 

50. Trouble in Egypt Romans feared that Cleopatra wanted the throne for herself and his relationship with her made Mark Antony a hated man in Rome. His alliance with Augustus disintegrated but, before Antony and Cleopatra could strike Rome, Augustus attacked. The Battle of Actium in 31 BCE destroyed three-quarters of the Egyptian fleet. Cleopatra and Marc Antony killed themselves and, finally, the Roman Empire now included the land of the pharaohs.