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Feline Panleukopenia

Feline Panleukopenia. Navies 2011. Causes. F.P.V. is caused by a DNA virus of the family Parvoviridae, which is closely related antigenetically to the canine parvovirus (CPV), type 2 and mink enteritisvirus. Con’t.

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Feline Panleukopenia

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  1. Feline Panleukopenia Navies 2011

  2. Causes • F.P.V. is caused by a DNA virus of the family Parvoviridae, which is closely related antigenetically to the canine parvovirus (CPV), type 2 and mink enteritisvirus

  3. Con’t • F.P.V. infects and destroys actively dividing cells in bone marrow, lymphoid tissues, intestinal epithelium, and –in very young animals- cerebellum and retina • OFTEN FATAL DISEASE • NON-ENVELOPED, SINGLE STRAND DNA VIRUS THAT HAS AN ESTABLISHED TROPISM FOR CELLS UNDERGOING MITOSIS IN THE TISSUE OF • NEONATAL BRAIN • BONE MARROW • LYMPHOID AND INTESTINAL LYMPHOID TISSUE

  4. History • Twenty five years ago, F.P.V. was an unknown disease • The virus that causes feline leukemia was 1st identified in 1964 • Feline panleukopenia (FP) has also been known as feline distemper, infectious enteritis, cat fever (not cat scratch fever), and other names • FPV is caused by a virus and is present wherever cats are congregated, especially catteries, breeding facilities, shelters and feral populations.

  5. Con’t • Young, ill, immunodeficient and unvaccinated cats are most susceptible • Older outdoor cats have usually been exposed and tend to resist infection • Incubation period is usually 4-5 days

  6. Signalment • Less than a year old are the ones who are usually affected • Not sex specific • Cats that live in a multi-cat household and cats that are allowed to roam outdoors are at greater risk of contracting the disease • A serious and contagious viral disease that affects cats, raccoons, and minks

  7. SIGNALMENT • ANY CAT OF ANY AGE THAT IS UNVACCINATED,WILD, OR IN SHELTERS ARE MOST AT RISK • VIRUS INFECTS MORE CATS IN THE SUMMER TIME • SEEN MORE IN COUNTRY CATS THAN CITY CATS • HAS BEEN KNOWN TO REPLICATE TO A CERTAIN POINT IN DOGS, BUT DOES NOT CAUSE INFECTION • IS NOT RELATED TO CANINE DISTEMPER!! • COMMONLY SEEN IN KITTENS YOUNGER THAN 6 MONTHS

  8. Transmission • Not a zoonotic disease • Transmitted by direct contact or from a contaminated environment. - feces, urine, saliva, licking, sneezing, or biting • The virus shed into the environment may be infectious for years. • Can spread 2-6 weeks post recovery • The virus enters a cat’s body through the mucous membranes. It then moves to the bloodstream and eventually travels throughout the cat’s system

  9. Clinical Signs • Peracute- cases may die suddenly with little or no warning (Fading kittens) • Acute- show fever (104 – 107 degrees F), depression, anorexia. Vomiting usually develops 1-2 days after onset of fever. Diarrhea may or may not be present • Subacute – Between acute and chronic • Subclinical – without clinical manifestations. Detectable by clinicopathological (both signs of disease and its pathology) tests but not by a clinical examination

  10. Con’t • The panleukopenia virus attacks and destroys WBC. • An infected cat often lowers their head over the water bowl, thirsty but unable to drink.

  11. Other Symptoms • Dehydration • Lethargy • Endotoxemia & Bactermia ( the presence of bacteria or toxins in the blood) • Cerebellar disease • Retinal defects

  12. DIAGNOSTIC TESTING • THE SNAP PARVOVIRUS TEST DESIGNED FOR DOGS USUALLY DETECTS PANLUEKOPENIA AS WELL • USING A PCR TEST (POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION) • RAISING ANTIBODY TITER

  13. Preventions • Kittens should be vaccinated between 8 and 10 weeks of age, then again after 12 to 14 weeks. • Excellent inactive and modified live virus vaccines that provide solid, long-lasting immunity are available for prevention. • Disinfection of food bowl, bedding and utensils also the virus can live on human clothing and shoes (fomites).

  14. Con’t • If an outbreak does occur a thorough disinfection of the entire premises needs to be made after an outbreak of feline panleukopenia in a home shared by cats. The only disinfectant presently acknowledged is a dilute bleach solution, of 1:9 (one part bleach to nine parts water.)

  15. Recommended Treatments • Feline panleukopenia requires aggressive treatment if the cat is to survive, because this disease can kill cats in less than 24 hours. • Vigorous fluid therapy • Supportive nursing care in an isolated unit • Treatments of animals should only be performed by a licensed veterinarian. • Antibiotics to prevent or correct infection • Bland diets with small portions • Medications to stop the vomiting • Whole blood transfusion to improve pancytopenia.

  16. PATHOGENESIS • FPV ENTERS FROM THE OROPHARYNX AND REPLICATES IN REGIONAL LYMPHOID TISSUES • COMMON NEUROLOGICAL TISSUES AFFECTED ARE CEREBELLUM, CEREBRUM, RETINA AND OPPTIC NERVE • THE VIRUS NEEDS TO INFECT THE S PHASE OF THE CELL CYCLE TO INSURE VIRAL REPLICATION OCCURS

  17. Pathogenic Lesions of Disease • Dehydration • Bowel loops are usually dilated and may have thickened, hyperemic walls • Noticeable small cerebellum • Blunting and fusion of villi may be present

  18. Diagnostic Test • CBC • Fecal Examination • Serum Antibodies • Viral Isolation • Looks for low WBC count

  19. Expected Results • Rising antibody titer over a period of time • Presence of viral antigens • DNA in a sample suggests active ongoing infection

  20. PREVENTION • VACCINATION! EVEN LIONS, TIGERS, MINKS, AND RACOONS ARE ALSO SUSCEPTIBLE • NO VACCINE-RESTRAINT RECALLS HAVE BEEN REPORTED • AVAILABLE IN MLV AND KILLED INJECTABLES OR INTRANASAL VACCINES • VACCINATE KITTENS AT 9, 12, AND 16 WEEKS OLD AND THEN AGAIN ONE YEAR LATER • LIVE VIRUS VACCINES CAN CAUSE CEREBELLUM DAMAGE • THE VIRUS LIVES IN THE ENVIRONMENT FOR MANY YEARS SO KEEP ALL PET SUPPLIES CLEAN

  21. Prognosis • Of affected kittens that are two months or less of age, 95% die regardless of treatment. • Kittens that are more than two months old have a 60-70% mortality rate with treatment and nearly 100% mortality rate if not treated. • Adult cats have a 10-20% mortality rate if treated, and a 85% mortality rate if not treated. • Elderly cats have a 20-30% mortality rate if treated, and a 90% mortality rate if not treated.

  22. Client Education • Cats that survive the infection acquire a lifelong immunity. • It is also possible for kittens to receive immunity from their mother through the transfer of antibody • The most effective means of prevention is by preventing exposure to infected cats by keeping them indoors. • Yearly boosters should be given.

  23. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nO0KMunxLmY

  24. References • Summers, Alleice. Common Diseases of Companion Animals. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier, 2007. Print. • Feline Panleukopenia Virus." Cat Health Guide. Web. 04 Mar. 2011. <http://www.cat-health-guide.org/felinepanleukopeniavirus.html>. • Feline Panleukopenia." The Merck Veterinary Manual. Merial Ltd. Web. 04 Mar. 2011. <http://www.merckvetmanual.com/>.

  25. REFRENCES • COMMON DISEASES OF COMPANION ANIMALS BY ALLEICE SUMMERS • http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/clerk/mcninch/index.php • http://www.sniksnak.com/cathealth/distemper.html • http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=1+2139&aid=222 • http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/57100.htm

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