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Water Dynamics: Earth's Hydrological System Unveiled

Discover the intricate balance of Earth's hydrosphere, including water fluxes, residence times in various reservoirs like oceans, groundwater, rivers, lakes, and atmosphere. Learn about the factors influencing precipitation, climate belts, cyclonic effects, and the life cycle of weather patterns like thunderstorms and hurricanes. Explore how regions like New Orleans are impacted by hurricanes, the differences between cyclones, and the estimation of flood threats with recurrence intervals. Unravel the fascinating processes that govern our planet's hydrological cycle.

kessie-garrett
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Water Dynamics: Earth's Hydrological System Unveiled

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  1. Hydrosphere Partitioning… • Total = 1.36 x 109 km3 water

  2. Earth’s water balance (Fluxes per year) • Ocean Volume = 1.4x 109 km3 Oceanic Evaporation Rate = 3.2x105 km3/yr • Groundwater Volume = 8.4x106 km3(o.6%) • River+Lake Volume = 2x105 km3 (o.014%) • Atmosphere Volume = 1.3x104 km3 Runoff Rate = 3.6x104 km3/yr

  3. 89% of rain falls over oceans • Land receives ~11% of ocean’s evaporation (36,000 km3) • Twice as much water evaporates (&transpires) from land as runs off it • e.g. rain on land falls three times on average before it gets back to sea

  4. Residence times in ground, rivers, & atmosphere Residence time defined as the (Volume of ‘Reservoir’)/(Rate of flow through Reservoir) For groundwater = 8.2x106 km3 / 3.74x104 km3/yr = 224 years For rivers & lakes = 2x105km3 / 3.74x104 km3/yr = 5.3 years For atmosphere = 1.3x104km3 / 3.8x105 km3/yr = 12 days

  5. Biggest Rivers (11,205km3/yr; 31% of runoff)

  6. N.American Drainage Basins

  7. Global Rain

  8. Why do raindrops not grow to be huge?

  9. Why do raindrops not grow to be huge?They self-destruct once they grow too big!

  10. Atmosphere temperature & condensation Adiabatic effects on rising and sinking air: Air cools when it rises & is decompressed. Air warms up when it descends & is compressed. (reason why a bike pump gets hot when pumped)

  11. Atmosphere temperature & condensation

  12. Stable Air

  13. A mechanism to lift air/trigger condensation

  14. Another way to lift air…(warm front) Moderate Precipitation 1/200 ~200 km

  15. Different Variation (cold front)… 1/100 ~100 km

  16. Lifting-precipitation reason for climate belts

  17. Global climate

  18. Coriolis Force key influence on weather fronts & storms (Cyclonic effects)

  19. Cyclonic Effects (Coriolis Revisited)

  20. Mid-latitude cyclone

  21. Life cycle of a thunderstorm Downdrafts cut off fuel (warm air) & storm dies Condensation (rain) releases heat, fuels ascent Unstable warm air rises

  22. A hurricane can circumvent this limit…

  23. Hurricane wind & rain structure

  24. Regions where hurricanes form… Warm water = hurricance fuel.

  25. Hurricane paths near US

  26. Two Cyclones: What difference & why?

  27. New Orleans Experience Hurricane surge (wind-driven waves was up to 28ft above sealevel — new record for US) Why were Mississippi & Alabama also severely affected, but not Texas? N.O. Path of Katrina’s eye

  28. New Orleans— Flooding from Hurricane Surge & Rain Path of Katrina’s eye

  29. New Orleans Experience — Flooding (Marshak Fig. 17.23)

  30. Estimating Threat from Flooding (Recurrence Interval)

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