The Carbon, Oxygen & Nitrogen Cycles

1. The Carbon, Oxygen & Nitrogen Cycles • Take a deep breath. • Let it out. • What did you breathe in? • What did you breathe out? ALL CYCLES ANIMATED: http://www.eastmarinedrive.com/edulinks/object.htm Carbon cycle animation: http://epa.gov/climatechange/kids/carbon_cycle_version2.html http://www.nodvin.net/snhu/SCI219/demos/Chapter_3/Chapter_03/Present/animations/51_1_2_1.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3SZKJVKRxQ

2. The Carbon, Oxygen & Nitrogen Cycles

3. Carbon and the Carbon Cycle The element carbon is a basic constituent of all living organisms. Its atoms combine easily with other atoms to form a huge variety of molecules. Some of these (carbon dioxide,bicarbonate ) have names which make it obvious they are carbon based, while others ( glucose, coal ) you just have to remember. All cells – whether animal, plant or bacteria – contain carbon because they all contain proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Plant cell walls for Example are made of cellulose, a carbohydrate. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Carbon_Cycle-animated_forest.gif

4. Carbon and the Carbon Cycle • Living organisms need carbon in order to: • Photosynthesis : Green plants get their carbon from the • carbon dioxide in the air, which enters the leaves and is used for • energy. A product of photosynthesis is glucose – another • carbon-based compound. • Eating : In animals glucose reacts with oxygen to produce energy • (with carbon dioxide as a by-product). • Deoxyribonucleic Acid or DNA: Carbon compounds are • essential cellular building-blocks.

5. The Carbon Cycle 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Carbon dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere by plants through photosynthesis. Animals eat plants, release Carbon dioxide Decomposers return carbon to abiotic factors in the environment Exchanged between the oceans and the atmosphere Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere Large portions of carbon are stored in rocks

6. OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE OXYGEN PRODUCER ANIMALS USE THE OXYGEN CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCER `

7. CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2

8. Photosynthesis Transpiration Oxygen + water vapor Respiration CO2 oxygen DISSOLVING decay decay Formation

9. DRAW THE CARBON CYCLE p. 541-543 DRAW & LABEL 1. ARROWS CO2 2. VOLCANO 3. ANIMAL 4. DEAD MATTER 5. FACTORY 6. CAMP FIRE DRAW & LABEL 7. ARROWS O2 8. PLANTS GIVE OFF 9. ANIMALS & FIRE TAKING IN OXYGEN

10. ANIMATION OF WATER CYCLE: 3 parts to click in animation of a water molecule: Ocean, river, ground water http://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_2/water-cycle1.html Animation of water cycle http://www.eastmarinedrive.com/edulinks/object.htm

11. The Water Cycle Evaporation On a warm, __ day, water in a glass seems to slowly disappear. This is because the energy from the sun is __ the water up and turning the liquid water into water __ . This process is called ___ . When the water __ , it becomes an invisible gas in the __ . Evaporation takes place all over the earth, but especially in the _ and __ where there is lots of water. sunny heating Vapor evaporation evaporates Atmosphere oceans lakes

12. The Water Cycle Condensation As the water vapor rises, it cools off and _ into water __. If the water vapor becomes extremely cold, it will form ice __ instead of water droplets. As the water droplets or ice crystals grow bigger and more numerous, they form __ . condenses droplets crystals clouds

13. The Water Cycle Precipitation If water droplets or ice crystals become too __ they can’t stay in the air. They __ . Water droplets precipitate as __ and ice crystals precipitate as__ . Sometimes, the rain freezes before it hits the earth and precipitates as ___ . heavy precipitate rain snow hail

14. The Water Cycle Run Off This precipitation gathers into __ and that flow down to the lakes and oceans. This is called __ . Not all of the water makes it back to the oceans and lakes right away. Some of it is used by animals and _ . Some is frozen into __ . Eventually, the animals and plants breathe the water out and the glaciers melt, releasing the water back into the water __ . rivers streams Run off plants glaciers cycle

15. freezing condensation precipitation evapotransporation evaporation infiltration capillary action runoff ANIMATION: http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/watercycle/

18. DRAW THE WATER CYCLE p. 455-457 • OCEAN- EVAPORATION • CLOUD- CONDENSATION • CLOUD- PRECIPITATION • LAND- SURFACE RUNOFF • PLANTS- TRANSPIRATION • ANIMAL- RESPIRATION • ARROWS SHOWING CYCLE

19. http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/watercycle/index.htmlhttp://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/watercycle/index.html http://www.epa.gov/safewater/kids/flash/flash_watercycle.html

20. NITROGEN CYCLE ANIMATION OF THE NITROGEN CYCLE http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim/em05_pg20_nitrogen/em05_pg20_nitrogen.html http://www.eastmarinedrive.com/edulinks/object.htm

21. The Carbon, Oxygen & Nitrogen Cycles

22. The Carbon, Oxygen & Nitrogen Cycles

23. The Carbon, Oxygen & Nitrogen Cycles

24. Nodule filled with bacteria Part of a clover root system bearing naturally occurring nodulesof Rhizobium, bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Each nodule is about 2-3 mm long.

25. bacteria

26. The Nitrogen Cycle 78% of the air around us is Nitrogen. Living things need nitrogen to make proteins, but they cannot get it directly from the air because nitrogen gas is too stable to react inside an organism to make new compounds. So nitrogen must be changed into a more reactive form to allow plants and animals to use it. Plants can take up and use nitrogen when it is in the form of urea or ammonium salts. Changing nitrogen into a more reactive substance is called nitrogen fixation.

27. Nitrogen Fixation • The energy in a lightening bolt can split the di-atomic • molecule in the air allowing each nitrogen atom to react • with oxygen to form nitrogen oxides. • These oxides are washed to the ground by the rain where • they form nitrates. • 2. The nitrogen is used by industry to produce • ammonia from nitrogen. Ammonia is used to make • fertilizer for farmers to feed their crops. • 3. Bacteria found in the soil and in the root nodules of • leguminous plantsfix nitrogen into a usable form.

28. NITROGEN RETURNS Nitrogen compounds are returned to the soil by wastes and decayfrom animals or when Plants and animals die and decay. The nitrogen compounds returned in this way are changed back to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria which live in the soil thus completing the cycle.

29. http://www.nicksnowden.net/Module_3_pages/nitrogen_cycle.htm

30. 78% N + 0 = nitrates N compound EXCRETION

31. NITROGEN CYCLE- convert nitrogen gas into a usable form for plants & animals called Nitrogen fixation Lightning fixes N gas in the air into N+O= nitrates NITROGEN gas used by bacteria LEGUME-clover, alfalfa, beans, peas, peanuts Animal eats the plant to get N compound (protein- builds muscle) N compound broken down to nitrogen gas Nitrates absorbed NITRATES- bacteria waste NODULES-lump on roots /bacteria home DECOMPOSERS-bacteria, fungi break down matter MUTUALISM-both plant & bacteria benefit from living together

33. NITROGEN CYCLE Animals get the N compound in the body by eating plants. PROTEIN needed to build muscle. Lightning fixes N gas to a usable form LEGUME- CLOVER, BEANS.PEAS, PEANUTS DECAY- bacteria decomposes matter BACTERIA take in N to produce a nitrogen compound-NITRATES Plant absorbs it Nitrates NODULES- lumps on the roots where bacteria live MUTUALISM-both legume & bacteria benefit from living together

35. DRAW THE NITROGEN CYCLE p. 426-427 • Animal eating clover • Clover with knots on roots (LEGUME) • Dead animal matter or bones • Lightning • ARROWS DRAWN & LABELED • 5. 78% FREE N2 (in the air) going into the bacteria in the plant ROOT • 6. NODULES WITH bacteria taking inN2 and producing N2 compound(nitrate)

36. 7. Arrow from the roots into the plant 8. Label the green leaves with PROTEIN 9. Draw an arrow into the animal and label PROTEIN (N2 COMPOUND) 10. Bacteria in the soil breaks down wastes & returns to air N 2 11. Dead animal matter is broken down & free nitrogen returns to air.

37. 1. Ammonia or Ammonium: (line pointing to fish) released from gills.   (pointing to dots) result of fish waste and the decay of uneaten food, dead plants and fish.2. Nitrosomonas: This bacteria eats ammonia and converts it to nitrite.3. Nitrobacteria: This bacteria eats nitrite and converts it to nitrate.4. Nitrate removal: Nitrate is used by plants as fertilizer and is also removed from the aquarium through evaporation and regular water changes.

38. 2. 1. 3. Plant uses nitrates The bacteria eat ammonia & converts it to eat the nitrites & converts it to ….

39. CYCLES QUIZ • List 5 things producingcarbon dioxide gas. • 2. List 2 things taking in or absorbingcarbon dioxide gas. • 3. List 1 thing producing oxygen gas. • 4. List 1 thing using or taking innitrogen gas.

40. 5. List 2 things producingnitrogen gas. 6. List 3 things producing a nitrogen compound. 7. List 5 major parts to a water cycle in sequence.

41. three major processes involved in the nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen Fixation-Bacteria are responsible for this process. Nitrification-Plants receive the components of the "fixed" nitorgen using nitrates in the soil to provide the nutrients they need. Assimilation -Plant roots assimilate Nitrogen mainly in the form of nitrates while animals assimilate their nitrogen by eating the plants. Ammonification-Ammonia is formed in the soil by the decompostion of plants and animals and by the release of animal waste. Denitrification-This is the reduction of nitrates to gaseous nitrogen. Denitrifying bacteria perform almost the reverse of the nitorgen fixing bacteria.

42. Neither plants or animals can obtain nitrogen directly from the atmosphere. Instead, they depend on a process known as nitrogen fixation. Key players in this process are legumes and the symbiotic bacteria which are associated with the legume's root nodules. These bacteria are known as nitrogen-fixing bacteria. These organisms convert nitrogen in the soil to ammonia, which can then be taken up by plants. After nitrogen has been fixed, other bacteria convert it into nitrate, in a process known as nitrification. In the first step of this process, Nitrosomonas convert ammonia into nitrite, and in the second step, nitrite is converted into nitrate, by Nitrobacter. This nitrate is then consumed by plants. The final aspect of the nitrogen cycle is the process of denitrification. This process is performed by a variety of microscopic bacteria, fungi, and other organisms. Nitrates in the soil are broken down by these organisms, and nitrogen is released into the atmosphere. This complete the cycle.

43. What to do when you have a major water trouble.If your tank water becomes tremendously unbalanced, some symptoms may be observed before even testing and finding out so:-water goes cloudy-fish stomach indents-fish become sickIf you see these symptoms, test the water immediately. If the water is truly bad, here are some steps that can be taken:-Do a mandatory 35% water change-Add zeolite and carbon to your fish  filter (as seen in picture) Do 25% water changes weekly until the levels return back to normal

44. Waste products decay into ammonia, and ammonia is a highly toxic substance to fish; it can in fact kill them relatively quickly, or cause them to go into shock (panting, hyperventilating, swimming erratically, laying in the sand, etc.).

45. NITROGEN FIXATION • BACTERIA fixes N gas to a usable form • LEGUMES will use the NITRATES given off by bacteria • Animals eat plants to get a N compound called PROTEIN to • build muscles. • 4. Animal wastes & decomposition of body returns N compound (NITRATES) to the soil & N gas to the air. 5.Why is it necessary? We can’t absorb Nitrogen gas but we need a nitrogen compound (protein). We get protein from the Nitrogen fixation to build muscles .

46. Match the lettered arrows on the diagram with the correct labels below. Type your answers in the boxes provided. 1. Nitrates absorbed from the soil by plant roots. 2. Animals gain nitrogen compounds by feeding. 3. Decay of wastes, dead plants and animals. 4. Haber process produces ammonium compounds. 5. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates. 6. Denitrifying bacteria in soil convert soil nitrates to nitrogen in the air. 7. In thunderstorms lightning combines nitrogen and oxygen. The rainfall contains nitrates.

47. LITTER- dead leaves & grass Plenty of nutrients HUMUS- dark soil made up of remains of decayed matter. FERTILE topsoil Humus makes the soil fertile. Subsoil-less fertile; more fragments SOIL- rock fragments + HUMUS BEDROCK Poor soil management results in EROSION, NUTRIENT DEPLETION & DESERTIFICATION

48. What layer of earth is most fertile? • topsoil • 2. What is the dead organic matter in the soil called? • humus • 3. What is soil? ?? + ?? • Rock + decayed matter (humus) • 4. Define erosion, no more than 4-5 words. • Carry away • 5. Define fallow. P.. 425 • unplanted

49. RESOURCES QUIZ • 6. Rotating crops will help prevent ____. P. 426 • nutrient depletion • 7. How do we get a nitrogen compound into our body? • Eating plants or eating an herbivore. • 8. What fixes nitrogen gas to a usable form for plants? • bacteria • 9. What decomposes dead matter & releases nitrogen gas back to the air? • bacteria

50. 10. What uses nitrogen gas? bacteria 11. What’s the name of the plant group that have nodules? legumes 12. A synonym for incineration. burn 13. List the 3 R’s. reduce, reuse, recycle 14. What is the job of decomposers? Break down