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Scientific Conference on Understanding and Managing Sweetness

The key role of sweetness in health-promoting diets and lifestyles. Adam Drewnowski, PhD Director, Center for Public Health Nutrition Director, UW Center for Obesity Research School of Public Health and Community Medicine University of Washington Seattle, WA.

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Scientific Conference on Understanding and Managing Sweetness

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  1. The key role of sweetness in health-promoting diets and lifestyles Adam Drewnowski, PhD Director, Center for Public Health Nutrition Director, UW Center for Obesity Research School of Public Health and Community Medicine University of Washington Seattle, WA Scientific Conference on Understanding and Managing Sweetness Oldways Scientific Program for New Delhi, India • 17 September 2009

  2. Basic principles of gastronomy and science • If the human body is healthy, then all the foods that taste the best are also the most nutritiousAldebrandin of Siena 1606 • Whatever is the most delicious is also the most nutritious Magninus of Milan 17th C Jean-Pierre Flandrin Histoire de l’Alimentation, Paris, 1996

  3. What is more delicious than sugar? France 1825 • Sugar is the universal flavoring; its applications have an infinite variety… • Mixed with water, sugar produces sugar water, a refreshing, healthy pleasant drink. • Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin 1825

  4. What is more nutritious than sugar? US 1948 The energy of sunshine is crystallized in Dextrose sugar

  5. The sugar phobia: UK 1975 An addictive destructive drug William Dufty 1975 Even fruit juices are addictive Heller & Heller 1991 Sugar is the world’s most dangerous food additive. Sugar addiction is more common than alcoholism Robert Atkins 1977

  6. How people choose foods Pleasure Energy density Taste Taste Cost Consumer Food Behavior Access/ time Health Variety

  7. Physiology of sweet taste • SaltyNa+ ions enter via ion channels • Sour Acid H+ ions block K+ outflow via channels • Sweet 3-4 types of sweet receptors on cell surface • Bitter 40-60 types of bitter receptors on cell surface linked to many transduction systems

  8. Sweetness equals nutrition Bitterness equals dietary danger • A single taste cell has many receptors for bitter and sweet • Humans have 3-4 different taste receptors for sweet • Sugars and intense sweeteners are structurally related • Humans have 40-80 different taste receptors for bitter • Compounds that elicit bitter taste are completely unrelated • Bitter compounds are often toxic

  9. Density of papillae can vary PROP nontaster PROP supertaster

  10. What do infants like?Infants like sweet

  11. Sweetness preferences are innate Facial expressions of 3-day old infants Steiner, 1977 Infants prefer sweet liquids to plain water Desor, Maller and Greene, 1978 Sweet Sour Bitter

  12. Facial expressions of 3-day-old infants: the reflex taste response Liking for sweet Rejection of bitter Mennella and Beauchamp, Nutr Rev 1998

  13. What do children like?Foods that are familiar and sweet

  14. Dimensions of children’s food preferences - a classic study (Birch 1979) • Children ages 3-4 y tasted open faced sandwiches on whole wheat bread • margarine, margarine and mint jelly, peanut butter, peanut butter and grape jelly, cream cheese, cream cheese and honey, cream cheese and caviar, cheddar cheese spread • “Point to the sandwich you would like to eat the very best” • Sandwiches removed one by one - to give a metric scale

  15. Children also liked high calorie foods (Birch, 1979) Margarine Cream cheese Child 2 Peanut butter Cheddar cheese Cream cheese+caviar Peanut butter+jelly Margarine+mint jelly Cream cheese+honey The most preferred foods contained sugar and fat

  16. How people choose foods Energy density Taste Pleasure Taste Cost Consumer Food Behavior Access/ time Health Variety

  17. Energy density (MJ/kg) and water content oil butter candy sugar Soft drinks

  18. Energy density (MJ/kg) and water content oil butter candy sugar cheese ice cream Soft drinks milk yogurt

  19. Energy density (MJ/kg) and water content oil butter sugar cheese meat ice cream milk Soft drinks

  20. Energy density (MJ/kg) and water content oil butter grains sugar cheese meat milk Soft drinks

  21. Energy density (MJ/kg) and water content butter sugar cheese meat Soft drinks milk

  22. What do children like?Foods that are energy-dense, familiar, and sweet

  23. Children like foods that are energy-dense and sweet!(Wardle et al., Appetite 2001;37:217-223) Saturday Evening Post 1948

  24. Children like the foods they knowI don’t like it; I never tried it! chocolate crisps R2=0.4 tofu avocado cottage cheese melon leeks Data from Wardle et al., 2001

  25. Children like sweet energy-dense foods ice lolly fruit squash chocolate crisps butter margarine R2=0.14 tomatoes green beans cabbage Data from Wardle et al., 2001

  26. Children like energy-dense fruit best (Wardle al, Appetite 2003) Banana Potatoes Grapes Apple

  27. Is sugar to blame?

  28. Is there something about sugars and satiety?

  29. What is satiety? • Satiety is defined as a state of fullness following a meal. Measures include: • Ratings of fullness after the meal • Ratings of hunger or desire to eat again • Food consumption at the next meal • Timing (onset) of the next meal • Satiation is the state of fullness before the meal even ends • Size of that meal is the main measure

  30. The satiety sequence Satiation Satiation Satiety Appetitive ratings Hunger, fullness, desire to eat, thirst This meal Next meal Liquid Food records Solid Variable interval: 15 min – 6h time Expectation: Subjects ingesting a preload will eat less at this/next meal

  31. Research on sweetness and satiety • Are liquids less satiating than solids? • Soft drinks vs. cookies • Are liquid sugars not satiating? • Soft drinks vs. juices or milk • Do intense sweeteners promote hunger? • Aspartame vs. milk

  32. Compare liquids and solids hunger desire to eat Liquid fullness thirst Solid Next Meal time Same calories – different volume

  33. Liquids, solids and satiety:A direct test Beverage vs. cookie Almiron-Roig, Flores, Drewnowski, Physiol & Behav 2004;82:671

  34. Study design: 2 time delays Keep energy constant (300 kcal)– vary texture and time lag 1.5h 2h Breakfast Lunch 2h 1.5h Breakfast Lunch 20 min 3.5 h Breakfast Lunch 3.5 h 20 min Breakfast Lunch Almiron-Roig, Flores, Drewnowski, Physiol&Behav 2004;82:671

  35. Breakfast Lunch Temporal profile of hunger ratings Time (h) Almiron-Roig, Flores, Drewnowski, Physiol&Behav 2004;82:671

  36. Breakfast Lunch Temporal profile of desire to eat Time (h) Almiron-Roig, Flores, Drewnowski, Physiol&Behav 2004;82:671

  37. Breakfast Lunch Temporal profile of fulness Time (h) Almiron-Roig, Flores, Drewnowski, Physiol&Behav 2004;82:671

  38. Breakfast Lunch Temporal profile of thirst Time (h) Almiron-Roig, Flores, Drewnowski, Physiol&Behav 2004;82:671

  39. Will cola spoil appetite for lunch? Yes – if consumed just before lunch * * *

  40. Compare cola, juice and milk Same calories and volume – different beverage ED=0.42 kcal/g Orange juice 248 kcal ED=0.42 kcal/g 248 kcal 1% milk ED=0.42 kcal/g 248 kcal Regular cola ED=0.0 kcal/g Sparkling water 0 kcal Almiron-Roig, Drewnowski Physiol Behav 2003;79:767

  41. Study design • Thirty-two volunteers (14 men; 18 women) • Breakfast preload: beverage (248 or 0 kcal) and slice of dry toast (100 kcal) at 9:35 am • Hunger, thirst, fullness, nausea and desire to eat measured every 20 min (9-point scale) • Tray lunch served at noon (1,734 kcal) • Foods pre-weighed and plate waste measured

  42. Breakfast Lunch Temporal profile of hunger ratings Time (h) Almiron-Roig, Drewnowski. Physiol Behav 2003;79:767

  43. Lunch Temporal profile of desire to eat Time (h) Beverage Almiron-Roig, Drewnowski Physiol Behav 2003;79:767

  44. Breakfast Lunch Temporal profile of fullness ratings Time (h) Almiron-Roig, Drewnowski Physiol Behav 2003;79:767

  45. Lunch Temporal profile of thirst ratings Time (h) Beverage Almiron-Roig Drewnowski Physiol Behav 2003;79:767

  46. Lunch meal: 1734 kcal Additional servings of the same foods available from a side buffet

  47. Preload Lunch Energy intakes at lunch were all the same – no compensation Men Women a a a b c c d Almiron-Roig Drewnowski Physiol Behav 2003;79:767

  48. Conclusions • Orange juice, 1% milk, and cola behaved in exactly the same way • Calories reduced hunger more than did water; all four beverages quenched thirst • There was no downward adjustment for energy consumed at breakfast for any of the caloric beverages tested

  49. Final question:Do intense sweeteners promote hunger?

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