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Tissues

Tissues. Introduction. Cells become specialized to perform specific functions Tissues are: groups of similar cells that perform the same function Tissues differ from each other in: 1. size, 2. shape 3. arrangement, 4. function. 4 TISSUE TYPES. Four primary tissue types

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Tissues

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  1. Tissues

  2. Introduction • Cells become specialized to perform specific functions • Tissues are: groups of similar cells that perform the same function • Tissues differ from each other in: • 1. size, • 2. shape • 3. arrangement, • 4. function

  3. 4 TISSUE TYPES Four primary tissue types • 1. Epithelial tissue • 2. Connective tissue • 3. Muscle tissue • 4. Nervous tissue

  4. EPITHELIAL TISSUE • Sheets of cells covering body surfaces or lining body cavities or structures that secrete substances • Found in: • Epidermis of skin (stratified squamous) • Lines digestive tract (stomach-rectum=simple columnar) • Walls of blood vessels (alveoli of lungs=simple sqaumous) • Inner lining of body cavities/organs/glands (sweat gland and kidneys=simple cuboidal)

  5. Epithelial Structure: # layers a. Simple epithelium • Single cell layer • Flat, irregular shape b. Stratified Epithelium • Two or more cell layers Common in high-abrasion areas • e.g., Skin surface, mouth

  6. Epithelial Structure: Cell Shape Cell shape • All epithelia have six sides • Cells vary in height • Three common shapes • Squamous cells • Cuboidal cells • Columnar cells • Shape of nucleus conforms to shape of cell

  7. Muscle Tissue 1. Muscle tissue is contractile tissue 2.Provide us with motion, posture and heat 3. Muscle cell or fiber is basic unit 4. 40-50% of body weight 5. 3 Types of muscle A. skeletal muscle B.cardiac muscle C.smooth muscle

  8. Skeletal Muscle Tissue A. Covers skeleton-attached to bone B. Visible light and dark banding (looks striated) so it is called striated muscle C. Voluntary or conscious control D.Cells are long cylinders with many nuclei E. Muscle fibers contract and relax rapidly when stimulated

  9. Skeletal Muscle

  10. Cardiac Muscle Tissue 1. Appearance: cells are slightly striated branched cylinders with one central nuclei, cells interlace 2. Fx: attached to and communicate with each other by intercalated discs 3. Contracts involuntarily

  11. Cardiac Muscle

  12. Smooth Muscle Tissue 1. Appearance:Spindle shaped cells with a single central nuclei 2. Location: Walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, GI tract, bladder) 3. Involuntary and nonstriated

  13. Smooth Muscle

  14. Connective Tissue -7 types 1. Loose connective tissue 2. Elastic connective tissue 3. Adipose 4. Fibrous 5. Cartilage 6. Bone 7. Blood

  15. Characteristics of Connective Tissues A. Cells far apart with a lot of intercellularmaterial B. Intercellular material is secreted out to produce the Matrix (fibers & substances secreted by cells C. Matrix varies from liquid, gel to solid D. Has good nerve & blood supply except cartilage & tendons

  16. Types of cells in Connective 1. Fibroblasts= most numerous, star-shaped. -Produce collagenous and elastic fibers found in matrix. 2. Macrophages= less numerous • engulf bacteria & debris by phagocytosis *NO FREE SIDE ON CONNECTIVE: IT IS SURROUNDED BY OTHER TISSUE OR ORGANS *NO BASEMENT MEMBRANE (ONLY ON EPITHELIAL)

  17. 1. Collagenous (25% of protein in your body) A.tough, resistant to pull, yet pliable B. formed from the protein collagen C. White in appearance, abundant in tendons 2. Elastic (composed of elastin) A.Very elastic B.Yellowish, called yellow fibrous tissue C. Abundant in vocal cords Types of Fibers in Connective Tissue

  18. 1. Loose connective: AkA: areolar Appearance: 1.bundles of interlacing collagen fibers with single interlacing elastin fibers 2. Fibroblasts, macrophages,and fat cells • One of most widely distributed tissues Location in body: Fills spaces between organs and parts of organs Fx:- connects many adjacent structures in body-acts like “elastic glue”/- “Packing tissue”- fills spaces

  19. STRUCTURE: Mixed up mess Contains “bit” of everything FXN: “Packing” material Loose Connective: Areolar

  20. 2. Elastic/Yellow Elastic Connective Tissue(Characteristics) • Consists mostly of elastic fibers • Appear as short, kinky, hair-like threads • Few cells present • Has yellowish color • Can be stretched • Found: part of arterial walls, lung tissue, and air passages

  21. Elastic Connective Tissue • Black = elastic fibers, • Pink = collagen fibers • Nuclei are mostly fibroblasts

  22. Wrinkles Loss of elastin over time as you age. Skin (epithelial tissue sags over it) Elastic Connective

  23. 3. Adipose Tissue (Fat) • Fat tissue- special type of loose connective in which cells are filled with fat • Widely distributed in body • Appearance: large cells with a single vacuole containing a droplet of fat

  24. STRUCTURE: Flattened nuclei Filled with dietary fat Location: Deeper layer of skin, organ padding, yellow marrow 3 Fxn’s: Reduces heat loss, energy storage, protection of organs Adipose tissue (Fat)

  25. 4. Fibrous (Dense) Connective Tissue: tendons, liagaments, fascia • Composed largely of strong collagenous fibers (few cells) • Arranged in wavy parallel bundles • Matrix between bundles contain cells, rows of fibroblasts

  26. Fibrous connective-cont. d. Silvery white, strong and tough e. Little elasticity (can resist tension in all directions) f. Sparingly supplied with blood vessels (slow to heal) fx: 1. form ligaments(bone to bone) (See knee model) 2. make up tendons (muscles to bone) 3. sheets cover muscles, whites of eyes , dermis of skin

  27. Tendons

  28. 5. Cartilage a. Network of fibers in rubbery ground substance b. Flexible but firm. Does not contain minerals found in bone c. There are 3 types

  29. Location of 3 types: 1.Elastic:ribs attach sternum,tip of nose/ears 2.Fibro: between vertebrae 3.Hyaline: trachea STRUCTURE: “chondrocytes” scattered in groups throughout matrix Avascular FX: Provide flexible support Cartilage

  30. Good blood supply allows for fast healing from breaks/fractures Osseous tissue (Bone)

  31. 7. Blood -Serves as a transporting fluid- oxygen, nutrients, hormones, wastes -*Its matrix is called: plasma* - Formed by special tissue in red marrow Plasma is composed of: a.Erythrocytes- red blood cells b.Leukocytes-white blood cells c.Thrombocytes-cell fragments called platelets

  32. Blood

  33. Nervous Tissue-4th type of tissue -It is sensitive to changes in surroundings. - Basic unit is the Neuron: a nucleus with long and branching cell processes a.dendrite --- carries impulses towards the cell body b. axon ---- carries impules away from the cell body • Location: brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

  34. Nerve Tissue

  35. Quick Quiz • 1. Give 2 of the 4 major functions of epithelial tissue. • 2. What is the difference between simple and stratified? • 3. Name 3 types of muscle tissue, give example of location for each • 4. Name two differences that exist between the different types of connective tissue

  36. Quick Quiz: • 5. Name two things that all connective tissues have • 6.Explain how the anatomy of loose connective tissue relates to its physiology • 7. What is the cause of wrinkles besides the sun? • 8. Why do ACL (sprains/strains) heal slower than bone breaks?

  37. 9. What is the name for bone cells? • 10. What is name for cartilage cells? • 11. How does a neuron work?

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