Endocrine and Reproductive Systems

1. Endocrine and Reproductive Systems Animal Systems: Reproduction

2. regulates glands

3. ENDOCRINE GLANDS endocrine endocrine gland

4. HORMONES – chemicals released in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body. • You can think of a hormone as a chemical messenger • The endocrine system is kept in balance by the coordinated action of various hormones. STRUCTURE

5. Pituitary gland: controls other endocrine glands and regulates growth rate, reproduction, and metabolism. 2. Hypothalamus: regulates hunger, thirst, sleep, body temperature, and most involuntary mechanisms • 3. Thymus gland- Hormones released by the thymus gland help the immune system develop during childhood. By adolescence, this gland has shrunk considerably in size Gland an organ that produces and releases a substance or secretion.

6. 4. Adrenal glands- These glands release several hormones such as adrenaline, which triggers the body’s response to sudden stress (fight or flight). Other hormones affect salt and water balance in the kidneys and general metabolism • 5. Pineal gland– releases a substance involved in rhythmic activities, such as the sleep-wake cycle Gland  an organ that produces and releases a substance or secretion.

7. 6. Thyroid gland- regulates the body’s overall metabolic rate and controls calcium levels in the bloodstream • 7. Pancreas- a large gland, located behind the stomach, that controls sugar levels in the blood (insulin) Gland  an organ that produces and releases a substance or secretion.

8. 8. Ovary - The female reproductive glands release sex hormones that regulate egg maturation and control changes in a female’s body at puberty (estrogen, progesterone) • 9. Testes - The male reproductive glands release a sex hormone that regulates sperm production and controls changes in a male’s body at puberty (testosterone)

10. Nervous System: Hormones provide feedback to the brain to affect neural processing. • Reproductive System: hormone production for sexual development to make offspring • Muscular and Skeletal System: endocrine system controls the growth of both bone and muscles • Immune System: the development is controlled by the endocrine system • Digestive System: The endocrine system controls the rate of metabolism The Endocrine system working with other body systems…

12. Comparing Reproductive Systems

13. external fertilization: Used by many aquatic invertebrates. Eggs and sperm are simultaneously shed into the water, and the sperm swim through the water to fertilize the egg • internalfertilization: The eggs are fertilized within the reproductive tract of the female, and then are covered with egg shells and/or remain within the body of the female during their development There are 2 major mechanisms of fertilization

14. In most animals, individuals are either definite males or females; however some species are hermaphrodites. This is when one organism produces both egg and sperm. • Ex: earthworms and garden snails Comparative Reproductive Systems

15. Parts of the Reproductive System **Gametes: Specialized sex cells (sperm and egg)

16. Parts of the Reproductive System Female 1. ovaries- produce female gametes (ova or egg)2. Fallopian tubes- transport egg to uterus (= oviduct)3. uterus - organ where fertilized egg develops4. vagina - birth canal5. placenta- serves for gas exchange and metabolic products with mother6. umbilicalcord- attaches embryo to placenta7. Amniotic fluid- keeps the embryo moist and protected

17. Regulated by hormones produced by the endocrine system, such as estrogenand progesterone. • This cycle begins at puberty and continues until menopause (age 45-55) • Repeats about every 28 days Female Reproductive Cycle

18. Day 5-14: uterine lining thickens, preparing to receive a fertilized egg • Day 14: release of a mature egg into the fallopian tube. (this is called ovulation) • Day 14-28: The first 3-4 days of this stage, the chance of fertilization is highest. • Day 1-5: if fertilization does not occur within 2-3 days, the unfertilized egg passes through the uterus without implanting. The uterine lining detaches from the wall and is discharged, along with blood and the unfertilized egg through the vagina. (this is called menstruation) Female Reproductive Cycle

19. Female Reproductive Cycle

20. Parts of the Reproductive System Male • testis- produces male gametes (sperm) • urethra- carries sperm to penis • penis- external sex organ, delivers sperm to female • Scrotum-protects testes and helps maintain sperm temperature • Prostate- produces semen

21. Nervous System: Reproductive hormones affect brain development and sexual behavior. • The brain controls mating behavior • Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands produce hormones (ovary and testis) The Reproductive system working with other body systems…

22. Seahorse reproduction is unusual because the male is the one that becomes pregnant. Seahorses are monogamous and will only mate with one partner. • Clownfish can change gender. If the female dies, the male will change sex and become the female. • The only mammals to lay eggs are the platypus and the echidna. The mothers nurse their babies through pores in their skin. A baby platypus remains blind after birth for 11 weeks. • A baby octopus is about the size of a flea when it is born. Gestation periods (period of time between fertilization and birth) vary from one animal to the next Fun Facts