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Introduction to Human Biology

Introduction to Human Biology. Biological Properties of Humans Scientific Process. Biological Inquiry. Bio = of living things What Are the Characteristics of Humans as Living Organisms? How Do Biologists Study Living Things? . Characteristics of Living Things.

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Introduction to Human Biology

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  1. Introduction to Human Biology Biological Properties of HumansScientific Process

  2. Biological Inquiry • Bio = of living things • What Are the Characteristics of Humans as Living Organisms? • How Do Biologists Study Living Things?

  3. Characteristics of Living Things Propose as many differences as you can between a living organism and a non-living thing. medicinal leech fungal mycelia on a corn tortilla Gloeocapsa meerkats cotton Giardia

  4. Characteristics of Humans as Living Organisms • Humans are highly organized • Composed of many cells = multicellular • cellstissuesorgansorgan systems Organic molecules = carbon-containing building blocks of life

  5. Organ System Central Nervous System Organ Brain Nerve Tissue Neuron Cell Smallest Unit of Life Organizational Hierarchy of the Human Body

  6. Human Cells are Highly Organized Organelle: region of cell with specialized function

  7. Characteristics of Humans As Living Organisms • Human beings acquire and use materials and energy Energy = ability to do work Metabolism = sum of chemical reactions in an organism

  8. Characteristics of Humans As Living Organisms • Human beings reproduce, grow and develop Growth = increase in size Development = change in characteristics

  9. Characteristics of Humans As Living Organisms • Human beings use DNA reproduce themselves. The molecule of heredity = DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid

  10. neuron nucleus DNA Sub-Cellular Organizational Hierarchy of Life with Examples cell organelle genome chromosome gene macromolecule molecule nucleotide atom nitrogen sub-atomic particles protons, neutrons, electrons

  11. A nucleotide molecule contains aphosphate group, sugar and base.

  12. Nucleotides are linked together to form chains.

  13. DNA contains two nucleotide chains wound together in a helical shape.

  14. Each human chromosome is a single, longDNA molecule compacted by proteins.

  15. 6 30,000 A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that provides instructions for producing a protein.

  16. Characteristics of Humans As Living Organisms Living things maintain homeostasis = state of internal constancy

  17. Characteristics of Humans As Living Organisms • Human beings respond to stimuli from their environment

  18. Characteristics of Humans as Living Organisms • Human beings adapt and evolve Evolution = change in characteristics over timeAdaptation = characteristic that promotes survival and reproduction

  19. Domain Eukarya prokaryotic Domains Archaea and Bacteria How Do We Categorize Living Things? Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus and extensive internal membranes • Three Domains • Eukarya • Archaea • Bacteria eukaryotic Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound nucleus and few internal membranes

  20. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Protista How Do We Categorize Living Things? • Eukarya has four kingdoms • Protista: mostly single celled • Fungi: multicellular, digest nutrients outside the body • Plantae: multicellular, photosynthetic • Animalia: multicellular, internal digestion

  21. All ecosystems on earth: zones of air, land and water that support life Biosphere Community + Non-living factors ecosystem Interacting populations in the same area community Members of the same species in the same area population Increasing Levels of Organizational Hierarchy organism organ system

  22. Characteristics of Humans As Living Organisms • Human beings are members of the biosphere

  23. Characteristics of Humans as Living Organisms Human Beings • are highly organized with levels from cellstissuesorgansorgan systems 2. acquire and use materials and energy. 3. maintain homeostasis. 4. respond to stimuli from their environment. 5. reproduce, grow and develop. 6. adapt and evolve. 7. are members of the biosphere.

  24. Unique Characteristic of Humans • Human beings have a cultural heritage

  25. Observation New observations are made, and previous data are studied. Hypothesis Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement. Experiment Conclusion The hypothesis is tested by experiment or further observations. The results are analyzed, and the hypothesis is supported or rejected. Scientific Theory Principle Many experiments and observations support a Theory. A theory supported by evidence over a long period of time, How Do Biologists Study Living Things? Scientific Method

  26. People who eat almonds as snacks have improved blood lipid profiles. Scientific Method Observations Specific nutrients in almonds can reduce LDL cholesterol in people with high blood lipid levels. Hypothesis Experiment/ Observations Conclusion How Do Biologists Study Living Things?

  27. How Do Biologists Study Living Things? Experimental Design • Subjects divided into • Experimental (Test) Group • Control Group: treated like test group except for a difference in one variable being tested • Avoiding Bias in Human Studies • Blind Study: subject does not know if they are assigned to test or control group • Double-blind Study: neither subject nor investigator know who is assigned to test and control groups

  28. People who eat almonds as snacks have improved blood lipid profiles. Scientific Method Observations Specific nutrients in almonds can reduce LDL cholesterol in people with high blood lipid levels. Hypothesis Subjects used three equal calorie supplements in separate one month periods: Muffins (low saturated fat) Half Almonds + Half Muffins Almonds Experiment/ Observations Conclusion How Do Biologists Study Living Things?

  29. Experimental Results • Do the results show that almonds change the LDL cholesterol levels in these subjects? • What characteristics of almonds would accountfor the difference from the control supplement?

  30. People who eat almonds as snacks have improved blood lipid profiles. Scientific Method Observations Specific nutrients in almonds can reduce LDL cholesterol in people with high blood lipid levels. Hypothesis Subjects used three equal calorie supplements in separate one month periods: Muffins (low saturated fat) Half Almonds + Half Muffins Almonds Experiment/ Observations Conclusion Monounsaturated fats (and possibly protein and fiber) of almonds caused a decrease in LDL cholesterol. How Do Biologists Study Living Things?

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