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American Policy Indian Identity

Kathryn H. Braund Dept. of History, Auburn University. American Policy Indian Identity. Who is this man? What can we learn from the portrait? How does he present himself? What do the portrait details reveal about status, ethnicity, race?. William McIntosh

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American Policy Indian Identity

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  1. Kathryn H. Braund Dept. of History, Auburn University American Policy Indian Identity

  2. Who is this man? What can we learn from the portrait? How does he present himself? What do the portrait details reveal about status, ethnicity, race?

  3. William McIntosh Full-length oil portrait, 1821 Nathan and Joseph Negus Ala. Dept. of Archives and History

  4. Federalist Indian Policy:“Expansion with Honor” • Tribes sovereign, independent nations • Gov’t to gov’t relationship with federal gov’t (not states) • Purchase land for national expansion • by public treaty • under authority of United States

  5. Federalist Indian Policy:“Civilization” of Indians • Two assumptions • Indians aren’t “civilized” • some can become “civilized” • Southeastern Indians • Intermarriage and “progress” • 1790 Treaty of New York (Creek) • 1791 Treaty of Holstein (Cherokee)

  6. “Civilization” • Commercial Agriculture • Private Property • New Roles for Women • weaving • “domesticity” • Slave Labor • Move out of Towns to individual farms • Stock Raising not Hunting

  7. “Education” • Literacy • Christianity • linear vs. circular “time” • “real” vs. “mythic” history • books vs. story tellers • education by the state, not family

  8. Reform of Law • End “law of blood” • concept of individual vs. clan responsibility • law “menders” dispatched by council replace clan vengeance

  9. “Reform” of Government • National Council • centralize power and “speak” for all the towns • leaders receive “gifts” from U.S. • shift away from consensus to accommodation

  10. Result: Growing Divisions • Widening gaps in views and lifestyle • “progressives” move away from towns • stock • “plantations” at Tensaw • away from dictates of clan authority and town government • many--but not all-of mixed ancestry

  11. American Expansion • More demands for land from Georgia • Trouble Spots • Cumberland: TN • Okmulgee: GA • Tombigbee: MS Terr. • Federal Road: 1805 • travelers • immigrants • cattle

  12. Accommodation and acculturation • Hawkins and his National Council • Drive out intruders and revitalize traditional town culture and religion • Red Sticks Creek Response

  13. Battle of Talladega, Creek WAr 19th Century Print. Private Collection.

  14. Cherokee Response • Progressives—aggressive embrace of “civilization” • Constitutional Government • Literacy • Voluntary removal • Cooperation

  15. Turning Point • Civilization • Removal Creek War William McIntosh

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