2014 Post-Mao China

1. 2014 Post-Mao China

2. China: From Mao to Now Mao Zedong VS Deng Xiaoping? Is the China that emerged in the 1990s the type of China that Mao Zedong had envisioned and worked toward? To what extent did Deng Xiaoping’s policies and crackdowns change China? How are communism and capitalism existing side by side in China today?

3. The post-Mao political order was given its first vote of confidence at the Eleventh National Party Congress, held August 12-18, 1977. • Hua was confirmed as party chairman, and Ye Jianying, Deng Xiaoping, Li Xiannian, and Wang Dongxing were elected vice chairmen. • The congress declared the end of the Cultural Revolution, blamed it entirely on the Gang of Four, and reiterated that "the fundamental task of the party in the new historical period is to build China into a modern, powerful socialist country by the end of the twentieth century." • Many contradictions still were apparent, however, in regard to the Maoist legacy and the possibility of future Cultural Revolutions.

4. The Post-Mao Period, 1976-78 • The jubilation following the incarceration of the Gang of Four and the popularity of the new ruling triumvirate (HuaGuofeng, Ye Jianying, and Li Xiannian) were succeeded by calls for the restoration to power of Deng Xiaoping and the elimination of leftist influence throughout the political system. • By July 1977 the Central Committee exonerated Deng Xiaoping from responsibility for the Tiananmen Square incident (posters criticising Mao and the Gang of Four at Zhou’s memorial). • Deng admitted some shortcomings in the events of 1975, and finally, at a party Central Committee session, he resumed all the posts from which he had been removed in 1976.

5. Who Was Deng Xiapoing?

6. Deng Xiapoing

7. Deng: Making a Communist Bureaucrat • Grows up in well-off family in Sichuan Province (southwestern China) • To France 1920-26 for work/study education program: "To learn knowledge and truth from the West in order to save China." • The 1500 Chinese students sent to France for this program bred many of the leading Chinese revolutionaries in later years. • Works in factories, including Renault plant near Paris: “The bitterness of life and the humiliating treatment by foremen or capitalist running dogs had exerted a deep impact upon me.”

8. Deng: Making a Communist Bureaucrat • To USSR and “Communist University of Toilers of the East” 1926-27 • Back to China, participates in the Long March of 1934-36, rises in the ranks of the Chinese Communist Party • At right: Deng in 1941 • In Communist regime under Mao Zedong, Deng is pragmatic more than ideological.

9. Deng Xiaoping Purged • At start of China’s Cultural Revolution, Deng is exiled to work in a tractor factory. • Returns to influential position in 1974 but in 1976 is attacked again and loses party leadership role. 1967 Cultural Revolution poster slogan: "Thoroughly pulverize the Liu-Deng reactionary line!“ [Liu was another moderate leader who was purged.]

10. Background to Deng Xiao Ping • Participated in the Long March with Mao • Rose to power in the CCP as the general secretary • Views on economics differed from Mao • Mao = egalitarian, Deng = focused on economic development • During the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Deng suggested allowing privatization of farms to increase food production (Lenin’s NEP?) • Survives all of Mao’s purges • Deng utilized free market to revive the economy from GLF • Back to politics in 1973 with the help of Zhou Enlai • 1978 becomes the Chairman of the PLA (People’s Liberation Army) – key to controlling China • He is 74 years old at the time!!!

11. Man of the Year • 1980: Deng Xiaoping became the leader of China • New focus: economic not political concerns

12. Decentralization • The death of Mao Zedong brought about the rise of Deng Xiaoping in 1978. • He began the process of Decentralization. • “Eating in Separate Kitchens”

13. Decentralization (cont.) • A strong central government is more capable of meeting basic needs of people. • The Government does step in when needed. • The political factor is not given enough weight.

14. The new balance of power clearly was unsatisfactory to Deng • Deng sought genuine party reform • Soon after the National Party Congress, he took the initiative to reorganize the bureaucracy and redirect policy. • His longtime protege Hu Yaobang replaced Hua supporter Wang Dongxing as head of the CCP Organization Department. • Educational reforms were instituted, and Cultural Revolution-era verdicts on literature, art, and intellectuals were overturned.

15. The year 1978 proved a crucial one for the reformers. • Two competing factions— • that headed by HuaGuofeng (soon to be branded as a leftist) • that led by Deng and the more moderate figures • Fifth National People's Congress was held in February and March 1978. • Serious disputes arose over the development of the national economy, the Hua forces calling for still more large-scale projects that China could not afford.

16. Deng’s Political Philosophy

17. Deng Xiaoping’s Ideologies "better to be poor under socialism than rich under capitalism." (adage of Cultural Revolution) (“De-Maoization”) • Against the Cultural Revolution – 1979 declared a major setback • Four Modernizations :industry, agriculture, science and technology, and national defence • Deng’s policies were more practical and responsive to the economic times – willing to alter communist ideologies for what’s best for the country “a cat that catches mice is a good cat, whether white or black” • A policy of material gain as the goal • Not as concerned with political change/ revolution • Unwilling to release control over the people

18. Deng: “less empty talk and more hard work” • Four Modernizations • Agriculture • Industry • Science • Defense • Praise for scientists and intellectuals vs. peasants • Peasants allowed to sell crops from their land • Special economic zones created to create more trade and development.

19. Emphasized and promoted the: • FOUR MODERNIZATIONS • INDUSTRY • AGRICULTURE • TECHNOLOGY • NATIONAL DEFENSE • Did not accomplish the fifth: Democracy • Corruption and special treatment for officials and communist party leaders lead city residents and students to demonstrate for democracy. Deng XiaopingChina’s leader 1982-1989 Improvements in living conditions were noted also among the peasants as governmental restrictions were loosened. Deng Xiaoping interpreted the Tiananmen Square demonstration in Beijing as a demand to end the Communist party. He responded with military intervention of both troops and tanks.

20. China and the Four Modernizations, 1979-82 • The culmination of Deng Xiaoping's re-ascent to power and the start in earnest of political, economic, social, and cultural reforms was the Third Plenum of the Eleventh National Party Congress Central Committee in December 1978. • The Third Plenum is considered a major turning point in modern Chinese political history. • "Left" mistakes committed before and during the Cultural Revolution were "corrected," and the "two whatevers" policy ("support whatever policy decisions Chairman Mao made and follow whatever instructions Chairman Mao gave") was repudiated.

21. The classic party line calling for protracted class struggle was officially exchanged for one promoting the Four Modernizations. • In the future, the attainment of economic goals would be the measure of the success or failure of policies and individual leadership; in other words, economics, not politics, was in command. • To effect such a broad policy redirection, Deng placed key allies on the Political Bureau while positioning Hu Yaobang as secretary general of the CCP and head of the party's Propaganda Department.

22. Deng’s Political Reforms

23. Political Reforms • Criticism of Gang of Four led to greater criticism • Democracy Wall becomes a forum for public dissent • Pro-democracy advocates growing • “5th Modernization” • Wei Jingsheng (show trial, 15 years)

24. More Political Reforms • Deng travels, seeking new markets and allies • Foreign journalists (like Jan Wong) allowed to report from within China • Intellectuals allowed some criticism • 1986: students encouraged to participate in government • Demonstrate for better conditions and freedoms

25. Gang of Four on Trial

26. The Gang of Four on Trial

27. Gang of Four On Trial • The most celebrated defendant is Jiang Qing, 67, the widow of Mao Tse-tung • The Gang of Four, led Mao's reckless and violent Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976 • They were arrested four years ago, shortly after Mao's death in 1976 • Deng had been critical of the Cultural Rev. & the Gang of Four • 20,000-word indictment http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924552,00.html#ixzz1MR7HFRkm

28. The Gang of Four on Trial • One of the more spectacular political events of modern Chinese history was the month-long trial of the Gang of Four and six of Lin Biao's closest associates. • A 35-judge special court was convened in November 1980 and issued a 20,000-word indictment against the defendants. • The indictment came more than four years after the arrest of Jiang Qing and her associates and more than nine years after the arrests of the Lin Biao group. • Beyond the trial of ten political pariahs, it appeared that the involvement of Mao Zedong, current party chairman Hua Guofeng, and the CCP itself were on trial.

29. Gang of Four Trial • The prosecution wisely separated political errors from actual crimes. • The crimes included: • the usurpation of state power and party leadership; • the persecution of some 750,000 people, 34,375 of whom died during the period 1966-76; and, • in the case of the Lin Biao defendants, the plotting of the assassination of Mao.

30. Gang of Four Punishments • January 1981 the court rendered guilty verdicts against the ten. • Jiang Qing received a death sentence with a two-year suspension; later, Jiang Qing's death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. • Jiang Qing appeared to be protected from execution by Mao’s legacy. • The same sentence was given to Zhang Chunqiao, while Wang Hongwen was given life and Yao Wenyuan twenty years. • Chen Boda and the other Lin Biao faction members were given sentences of between sixteen and eighteen years.

31. Gang of Four Out of the Way • They were sentence to death, • Later commuted to long-term imprisonment • After a period of political indoctrination Jian Qing was released in 1991 and died soon after • some reports say she committed suicide

32. Trial Part of De-Maoization • The trial further eroded Mao's prestige and the system he created. • In pre-trial meetings, the party Central Committee posthumously expelled CCP vice chairman Kang Sheng and Political Bureau member Xie Fuzhi from the party because of their participation in the "counterrevolutionary plots" of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing. • The memorial speeches delivered at their funerals were rescinded. • There was enough adverse pre-trial testimony that Hua Guofeng offered to resign before the trial started.

33. Final Condemnation of Mao and Clarifying his Memory

34. The plenum adopted the 35,000-word "Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China." • The resolution reviewed the sixty years since the founding of the CCP, emphasizing party activities since 1949. • A major part of the document condemned the ten-year Cultural Revolution and assessed Mao Zedong's role in it: "Chief responsibility for the grave `Left' error of the `cultural revolution,' an error comprehensive in magnitude and protracted in duration, does indeed lie with Comrade Mao Zedong . . . . [and] far from making a correct analysis of many problems, he confused right and wrong and the people with the enemy. . . . Herein lies his tragedy."

35. At the same time, Mao was praised: • for seeking to correct personal and party shortcomings throughout his life, • for leading the effort that brought the demise of Lin Biao, and • for having criticized Jiang Qing and her cohort. • Hua too was recognized for his contributions in defeating the Gang of Four but was branded a "whateverist." • Hua also was criticized for his anti-Deng Xiaoping posture in the period 1976-77.

36. Several days after the closing of the plenum, on the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the founding of the CCP, new party chairman Hu Yaobang declared: "although Comrade Mao Zedong made grave mistakes in his later years, it is clear that if we consider his life work, his contributions to the Chinese revolution far outweigh his errors. . . . His immense contributions are immortal." • These remarks may have been offered in an effort to repair the extensive damage done to the Maoist legacy and by extension to the party itself. • Hu went on to praise the contributions of Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, Peng Dehuai, and a score of other erstwhile enemies of the late chairman. • The new party hierarchy sought to assess, and thus close the books on, the Maoist era and move on to the era of the Four Modernizations.

37. Deng and Foreign Policy

38. China’s Grand Diplomatic Strategy • “Bide time, hide brightness, don’t take the lead, but do something.” • Peaceful rise/development • To be a responsible great power

39. Comparison between Mao’s Cold War Mentality& Deng’s Post-Cold War Mentality • Mao: China should make preparations “for an early world war, a major war and nuclear war.” If you are not with us, you are against us. Deng: China’s foreign policy in the 1980s, and in fact in 1990s, even in the 21st century, can be summarized in two sentences. China makes efforts to maintain world peace and oppose hegemony. China always belongs to the third world.” If you are not against us, you are with us.

40. The Open-Door Policy • Work hard to join the world • Welcome international trade & foreign direct Investment • China entered the WTO in 2001 • China’s tariffs dropped to 6% from an average of 41% in five years • Study abroad

41. Deng Xiaoping in the US

42. Deng and Carter

43. Deng Xiaoping and Overseas Students

44. “Missions impossible” Accomplished in China Centrally-planned economy transformed into market economy, with growth the fastest ever New rising power has not resulted in a war, territorial expansion, or a challenge to the world order Relations between China & other powers & neighbors better rather than worse

45. Deng’s Economic Reforms

46. Socialism or Capitalism? Democracy or Dictatorship? • Deng favored moderate reforms in political life but advocated one-party rule by the Chinese Communist Party and a strong role for the Chinese military. • Dissidents continued to suffer repression

47. Early Post-Mao: Economic Changes • Four Modernizations (agriculture, national defense, science and tech, and industry) • dismantling of the commune system • open door policy • Free markets, state-owned enterprise reform • Gradual emergence of a market economy and the embracing of globalization

48. 10 Year Plan (way better than 5) • Driven by incentives and catching up • Military: • Modernize technology • Science and Technology: • Reform education, send students overseas • Industry: • Heavy industry, SOE’s, limited autonomy • Agriculture: • Mechanize, Household Responsibility System

49. Market Reforms and Globalization • Intensification of economic reforms in 1992 with Deng Xiaoping’s “southern tour” • Move toward a market economy and the gradual removal of the “iron rice bowl” (铁饭碗) • Establishment of a new ideology of entrepreneurship and globalization • Collusion between PRC state and global and domestic capital • Entrance into the WTO (2001) and fuller integration with the global economy

50. Economic Reform in China Deng changes communism by “restructuring” the Chinese economy “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics” "to get rich is glorious" “Black Cat, White Cat, it doesn’t matter as long as the cat catches mice”