CH. 8 EARLY AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT

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2. NATIVE AMERICANS� SPORTS Sport was closely aligned withsocial, spiritual,and economic aspects of life Gambling was widespread Sports playedvaried by tribe Baggataway (lacrosse) Shinny field hockey Double-ball 2 balls attached by string Footraces Archery Swimming Fishing Canoeing

3. PHYSICAL ACTIVITIESIN THE COLONIES Early settlers�survived with hunting, fishing, and work-related recreation Puritans�forbid frivolous activities Dutch�bowling; sleighing; horse racing Virginians�fox hunting; horse racing; hawking; cockfighting British influence�rounders; cricket; boxing; track and field

4. EARLY AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1823 � first private school in U.S. to require PE in Northampton, MA. Introduction of German gymnastics Charles Beck� a German turner hired to instruct boys in German gymnastics Established an outdoor gymnastics area teaching the first exercises on apparatus in U.S.

5. EARLY AMERICANS WHO INFLUENCED PE PROGRAMS Catharine Beecher � first American to get exercise into public schools. Also introduced �calisthenics� in Cincinnati. Dioclesian Lewis � founded the Normal Institute for Physical Education in 1861. Edward Hitchcock, M.D. � developed anthropometric measurements on students Dudley Sargent, M.D. � opposed to strict German gymnastics encouraged students to play baseball, bowling, boxing, fencing�

6. BATTLE OF THE SYSTEMS Between 1885 and 1900 discussion over which system of gymnastics that was the most appropriate for individuals in the U.S. This controversy known as the �Battle of the Systems�. Mary Hemenway financed the Boston Conference on Physical Training in 1889. The conference was to discuss each system and to choose only one. No one system was without flaws, but had a chance to discuss them and to exchange ideas for future promotion of American physical education. Mary Hemenway founded the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics in 1889.

7. NORMAL SCHOOLS 9 Normal Schools established in the U.S. from 1861 through 1942. 6 of these schools were established in the 1880s. See p. 258, Table 8-4. The only one still in existence today is the? YMCA which stands for the:? Young Men�s Christian Association YMCA founded in U.S. in 1851 in Boston YWCA founded in U.S. in 1866 in Boston 1891�Basketball, invented by James Naismith(YMCA) 1896�Volleyball, invented by William Morgan(YMCA)

8. FOUNDING OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION 1885 Association for the Advancement of Physical Education 1886 American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education 1903 American Physical Education Association 1937 American Association for Health and Physical Education 1938 American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation 1974 American Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance 1979 American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance

9. DEVELOPMENT OF AMATEUR SPORTS 1888�Amateur Athletic Union started 1852�First intercollegiate sport for men (Harvard and Yale in rowing) 1859�First intercollegiate baseball game 1869�First intercollegiate football game 1896�First intercollegiate sport for women in basketball

10. WOMEN�S SPORTS Colonial period Horseback riding; dancing; fox hunting Next 100 years Riding; walking; dancing; calisthenics Late 1800s Croquet; cycling; hiking (with clothing restrictions) Tennis�1874 Gymnastics in bloomers