The intestine: The intestine is the longest part of the digestive

1. The intestine: The intestine is the longest part of the digestive tube. It is divided Into small intestine and large intestine, small intestine includes duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Large intestine consists of caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and the anal canal as well as vermiform appendix.

2. duodenum transverse colon jejunum descending colon, ascending colon ileum sigmoid Colon, caecum rectum, vermiform appendix anal canal.

3. Features of the small intestine: 1.large surface area for absorption of digested food 1)greater length of intestine 2)the presence of circular folds of mucous 2.Intestinal glands were distributed over mucous membrane of the jejunum and ileum. Duodenal glands lie in the submucosa. 3.lymphatic follicles : The solitary lymphatic follicles are distributed throughout small and large intestine. Aggregated follicles or Peyer’patches are most numerous in ileum and fewer in distal jejunum.

4. Circular folds of mucous membrane

5. Solitary lymphatic follices Aggregated lymphatic follicles

6. Duodenum: The duodenum is the shortest ,widest and most fixed part of the small intestine. It extends from the pylorus to the duodenojejunal flexure. It is curved around the head of the Pancreas in the form of the letter ‘C’. The duodenum lies above the level of the umbilicus, opposite 1 ,2 & 3rd lumbar vertebrae.

8. Length and parts of duodenum: Duodenum is 25cm long and is divided into four parts: 1.superior part It begins at pylorus and continuous with descending part and form superior duodenal flexure. the distal 2.5cm is fixed and is retroperitoneal .

9. Viceral Relations Anterior : Quadrate lobe of liver Gall bladder Posterior : Gastroduodenal artery & bile duct and Portal vein Superior : Epiploic foramen Inferior: head and neck of the pancreas

10. 2.descending part: It begins at the superior duodenal flexure, passes downwards to the lower border of the third lumbar vertebra where it curves to horizontal part and forms inferior duodenal flexure.

11. Anterior : Right lobe of the liver, transverse colon, transverse mesocolon. small intestine Posterior : Right kidney, right renal vessels, Inferior vena cava, right psoas major. Medially: Head of pancreas and bile duct Laterally: Right colic flexure.

12. Contents of descending part: 1)major duodenal papila It is an elevation on posteromedial wall, hepatopancreatic ampulla opens at the summit of the papilla. 2)minor duodenal papilla It presents the opening of the accessory pancreatic duct

13. 3.horizontal part : It begins at inferior duodenal flexure, on the lower border of 3rd lumbar vertebra, it passes horizontally to left side join to ascending part.

14. Anteriorly : Superior mesenteric vessels And root of mesentery Posteriorly : Right ureter Right psoas major Rigth testicular or ovarian vessels Inferior vena cava Abdominal aorta with inferior Mesenteric artery Superiorly : Head of pancreas with uncinate Process Inferiorly: Coils of jejunum

15. 4.ascending part It begins at the end of Horizontal part, up to The upper border of the 2nd lumbar vertebra, where it continues with the jejunum at the duodenojejunal flexure, the flexure is held in position by the ligament of Treitz (suspensory muscle of duodenum), which is attached to the right crus if the diaphragm.

18. Arterial supply: 1)superior pancreaticoduodenal artery,a branch of gastroduodenal artery 2)inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery,a branch of superior mesenteric artery.3)supraduodenal artery and right gastric artery. Veins of the duodenum drain into splenic and superior mesenteric and Portal vein.

19. Jejunum and ileum: The jejunum and ileum are suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery. the jejunum constitutes the upper two-fifths of the mobile part of the small intestine. The ileum constitutes the lower three-fifths. Jejunum begins at duodenojejunal flexure, the ileum terminates at the ileocaecal junction.

20. duodenum transverse colon jejunum descending colon, ascending colon ileum sigmoid Colon, caecum rectum, vermiform appendix anal canal.

22. Blood supply of jejunum and ileum Arteries supply is from branches of superior mesenteric artery, the branches anastomose with one another to form a series of arcades. Vein: drain into superior mesenteric vein. Lymph vessels: pass through many intermediate mesenteric nodes and finally reach the superior mesenteric nodes. Nerves: from the sympathetic & parasympathetic (vagus) from the superior mesenteric plexus.

23. Arcades to intestine

24. Arcades to intestine jejunum ileum

25. Mesenteric vein

26. Large intestine: The large intestine extends from the ileocaecal junction to the anus. It is about 1.5m long and is divided into the caecum ,the ascending colon, the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum & anal canal & terminal part of the ileum there is a vermiform appendix.

27. Transverse colon Right colic flexure Ascending colon Vermiform appendix ileum

28. Transverse colon Left colic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon rectum

30. sacculation Appendices epiploicae Taeniae coli