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Information Flow Across the Internet

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This article explores the intricate flow of information across the Internet, detailing the OSI and TCP/IP models that define how data is transmitted. We break down the seven layers of the OSI model, from Application to Physical, illustrating the roles of various components including browsers, routers, and Network Interface Cards (NICs). Additionally, we explain how requests to a web address are processed, transformed into packets, and routed through various servers to deliver information to users efficiently. Discover how the Internet connects billions of devices seamlessly.

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Information Flow Across the Internet

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  1. Information Flow Across the Internet

  2. What is the Internet? A large group of computers that link together to form the Worldwide Area Network (WAN)

  3. What is Needed to Connect to the Internet?

  4. OSI Model Layer 7- Application Includes the application where the data enters the destination client device, such as a web browser. Layer 6- Presentation Used to describe the process of how information travels from one device to another. Translates data into an application type format. Layer 5-Session Manages and coordinates different sessions between applications. Layer 4- Transport Ensures that the information is delivered in the correct order that they were originally sent. Layer 3- Network Breaks frame into multiple pieces of information called “packets”. Then, a router or switch is used to direct packets to its desired destination using an IP (Internet Protocol) Address. The IP Address is a numerical label assigned to each device, which is used for communication. The TCP port number is added to the end of the IP Address, which completes the destination for a communication session. Layer 2- Data Link Describes how data travels through the internet. Includes a Network Interface Card (NIC), which is the hardware that allows the device to connect to the internet. The NIC contains a MAC Address, which uniquely identifies each device connecting to the internet. Also creates a frame, which contains the MAC address, Source MAC address, data, and a frame check sequence. The frame makes sure that the data arrives correctly. Layer 1- Physical Includes the hardware needed to transfer information across the internet, such as wire cabling.

  5. TCP/IP Model Demonstrates the protocol that a device should use when sending data across the internet.

  6. How Does it Work? Make a request by typing a web address into your web browser (www.google.com) Requested information is broken down into packets. Router then directs packets to your Internet Service Provider (ISP). ISP directs information to the Domain Name Server, which decodes www.google.com into it’s IP Address. DNS directs packets to it’s destination based on it’s IP Address. Server reassembles packets into original data. Server reads request and sends the requested website (www.google.com) back to your computer.

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