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Chapter 9, part A

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  1. Chapter 9, part A The Central Nervous System

  2. About this Chapter • Emergent properties of the nervous system • Anatomy and functions of the CNS • Divisions of the brain and what each controls • Integration of complex pathways for behavior • Language, memory and others

  3. Evolution of the Nervous System • Nerve net – jellyfish • Simple brain & nerve cord – flatworm • Brain & nerve cord with ganglia – earthworm • Increasing forebrain – fish, bird & human • Olfactory – fish • Complex behavior – birds • Reasoning & cognition – humans

  4. Evolution of the Nervous System Figure 9-1: Evolution of the nervous system

  5. Embryonic Development of Nervous System • Neural plate to neural tube • Neural crest–PNS • Anterior forms brain • Forebrain • Midbrain • Hindbrain • Hollow ventricles • Spinal cord Figure 9-2: The embryonic nervous system develops into a hollow tube

  6. Embryonic Development of Nervous System Figure 9-3 a-c: The neural tube specializes into the six major regions of the nervous system.

  7. Central Nervous System: Overview • Brain • Spinal cord Figure 9-4a: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Central Nervous System

  8. Protecting the Brain • Hair, skin, cranium • Venous sinus blood • Meninges • Drua mater • Arachnoid membrane • Pia mater • Cerebrospinal fluid Figure 9-4b, c: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Central Nervous System

  9. Cerebrospinal Fluid • From coracoid plexus • Fills ventricles & subarachnoid • Fluid pillow floats brain • Exchange transport • From blood • To brain tissue

  10. Cerebrospinal Fluid Figure 9-5: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Cerebrospinal Fluid

  11. Blood Brain Barrier • Extensive capillaries & sinuses • Tight junctions: limit permeability • Astrocyte foot processes: secrete paracrines • Protects brain: hormones & circulating chemicals • Many glucose transporters Figure 9-6: The blood-brain barrier

  12. Spinal Cord Regions • Cervical • Thoracic • Lumbar • Sacral Figure 9-4a: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Central Nervous System

  13. Spinal Cord Organization • Gray matter: mostly cell bodies • Dendrites & terminals • Spinal reflex integrating center • White matter • Bundles of myelinated axons • Ascending tracts – sensory • Descending tracts – motor • Dorsal roots • Ventral roots

  14. Spinal Cord Organization Figure 9-7: Specialization in the spinal cord

  15. Brain Overview • Trillion interneurons fill the brain • Up to 200,000 synapses each • Brain divisions • Cerebrum • Diencephalons • Midbrain • Cerebellum • Pons • Medulla oblongata

  16. Brain Overview Figure 9-9b, c: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Brain

  17. Brain Stem Overview: Midbrain, Pons & Medulla • Many cranial nerves enter • Pyramids – nerve tracts crossover • Midbrain – eye movement control • Pons – breathing, signal relay • Medulla – involuntary functions • Examples: Blood pressure, vomiting • Reticular formation: • Network in brain stem • Arousal, sleep, pain, & muscle tone

  18. Brain Stem Overview: Midbrain, Pons & Medulla Figure 9-9d: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Brain

  19. Cranial Nerves Table 9-1: The Cranial Nerves

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