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S. S 1. Secretion. Reabsorption. Filtration. S 2. Circulatory System Circulates. Nutrients: glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, ketones, etc Wastes: Hormones: bound & free Gases: CO 2 and O 2 Formed Elements: Cells and Cell Fragments

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  1. S S 1 Secretion Reabsorption Filtration

  2. S 2 Circulatory System Circulates • Nutrients: glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, ketones, etc • Wastes: • Hormones: bound & free • Gases: CO2 and O2 • Formed Elements: Cells and Cell Fragments • Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes = Platelets Other roles of the Cardiovascular System Thermoregulation Blood Clotting Reproduction (ex: penile erection)

  3. Formed elements Blood volume ~ 5 liters S 3 Figure 12.01 Serum = plasma – clotting factors Entering and Exiting the blood Components…… EPO and “The Scoop on Tissie” Discontinuous capillaries in bone marrow, spleen, & liver permit erythrocytes to enter and exit blood. Hct = percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs Anemia Blood doping & erythropoietin (hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production in bone marrow) to increase hematocrit

  4. Fig. 12.02 When left heart can’t pump all the blood it receives from pulmonary circuit (due to high aortic pressure and/or damage to left ventricle) blood accumulates in pulmonary circuit. This is congestive heart failure. Symptom: shortness of breath. S 4 Arteries..away from heartVeins..return to heart Regional blood flow determined by arteries and arterioles. Resting Cardiac Output = 5L/min for each side!

  5. Figure 12.04 S 5 CO = 5L/minfor each circuit Up to 35 L/min in strenuous exercise

  6. S 6 What’s missing? Pulmonary circuit CO = 5 liters/min CO = 5 liters/min Arterial Blood Pressure Recall Portal Systems! Systemic Circuit Resistance Vessels Microcirculation Exchange Vessels Capacitance vessels

  7. S 7 Pulmonary circuit Pressuregradients makes fluids move. Moving fluids flow, but flow is limited by resistance. Resistance creates pressure. Systemic Circuit Arterioles establish Mean Arterial Pressure

  8. S 8 F=Q=ΔP/R Flow = Pressure gradient/Resistance from Ohm’s Law (V=IR) Radius of arterioles regulates Q to organs Double radius … 16x flow Half radius….1/16th flow R = 8Lη/πr4 Q=ΔP πr48LηPoiseulle’s equation Smooth muscles determine radius

  9. S 14 MAP = CO x TPR MAP = (HR x SV) x TPR Mean Arterial Pressure = Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance

  10. S 1 Cardiac Output = Heart Rate X Stroke VolumeWhat regulatesheart rate?CO = HR x SV5L/min = 72 beat/min x 70 ml/beat What regulatesStroke Volume? The Cardiac Cycle animation

  11. Problems with valves: ….Stenosis (narrowing) →Heart Murmurs (turbulent flow past a constriction) note: origin of neonatal heat murmurs (foramen ovale) ….Prolapse (eversion) allows backflow (also generates murmurs) Bicuspid=Mitral Tricuspid Heart murmurs ≠ heart sounds Figure 12.07 S 4 Heart sounds produced by valve closings SemilunarValves Animation

  12. S 3 Figure 12.13 Plateau phase Cardiac Myofiberaction potential Long refractory period prevents summation in cardiac myofibers CardiacMyofiber

  13. S 4 Figure 12.11 S 5 SA node cells do not have stable resting membrane potential, spontaneously produce AP, are Pacemaker cells

  14. S 5 Figure 12.14 Cardiac Pacemakeraction potential Ectopic Pacemaker Locations other than SA Node Pacemaker Cells in Conducting System: SA Node andBundle of His These cells set the rhythm & control Heart Rate.

  15. 1QQ # 14: Answer one. • A) Which vessels are classified as exchange vessels?B) Why are they called exchange vessels? • A) What produces a heart sound?B) What produces a heart murmur? • With all other factors held constant, how would blood flow be affected by a doubling of the pressure gradient? • A) Explain how a heart can continue to beat even if the SA node is not functioning.B) Would this heart rate be faster or slower than the rate produced by the SA node?

  16. S 15 Figure 12.22 Intrinsic Rate = 100 beat/min 2 effects of Parasymp:hyperpolarization &slower depolarization

  17. S 6 Figure 12.23 NE EPI ACh mAChR Beta-adrenergic receptors Effect of atropine Effect of “Beta blockers”

  18. S 7 What prevents the AP from being conducted from ventricles back to atria? Fibrous connective tissue between atria and ventricles prevents the conduction of action potential. Only route is via AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, and to ventriclular myofibers.

  19. S 8 “Sis-toe-lee” 1st Heart Sound = Closure of Atrioventricular (AV) valves at beginning of Ventricular Systole “die-ass-toe-lee” 2nd Heart Sound = Closure of Semilunar valves at beginning of Ventricular Diastole

  20. Systolic Diastolic S 9 Figure 12.20 Atrial Fibrillation Ejection Fraction = SV/EDV Stroke Volume Ventricular Fibrillation & Defibrillation Animation

  21. S 10 Events are same for Cardiac Cycle for Right Side of Heart; only difference is lower systolic pressures in right atrium and right ventricle.

  22. S 1 CO = HR x SV5L/min = 72 beat/min x 70 ml/beat 35L/min = ? beat/min x ? ml/beat 3 So far, we’ve dealt with the factors that control Cardiac Output by changing heart rate. 2 + sympathetic 1 - parasympathetic

  23. S 2 Figure 12.20 Stroke Volume Animation

  24. S 3 Frank-Starling Law of the Heart Does not depend on hormones or nerves Assures that the heart adjusts its output based on VENOUS RETURN Ventricular Function Curve Ways to enhance Venous Return:1) muscle contractions2) “respiratory pump”3) venoconstriction FS LoH = SV is proportional to EDV ↑VR→ ↑EDV → ↑SV

  25. S 4 Fig. 09.21 Length-tension “curve” for Cardiac muscle High EDV Low EDV Overinflation of ventricles leads to less effective pumping

  26. S 5 Overinflation of ventricles results in reduction in stroke volume Treatments? …..diuretics

  27. S 6 NE from Symp postganglionics & EPI from Adrenal medulla Contractility Increase Ejection Fraction Note: cardiac myofibers NOT innervated by parasympathetic division

  28. S 7 3 Effects of SympatheticStimulation 1: Increase rate of contraction 2: Increase peak tension 3: Decrease twitch duration Why should the contraction be shorter?

  29. Afterload is analogous to trying to pump more air into a tire that is already fully inflated (heart contracting to overcome diastolic pressure.) S 9 High blood pressure increases the workload of the heart….. Cardiac hypertrophy….increase chance of irregular conduction of AP through heart Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

  30. S 8 Summary: Control of Stroke Volume • End diastolic volume (preload) • Contractility (strength of ventricular contraction due to adrenergic stimulation) • Pressure in arteries that must be overcome = Afterload FS LoH

  31. S 11 CO = HR x SV5L/min = 72 beat/min x 70 ml/beat 35L/min = ? beat/min x ? ml/beat Factors that control Cardiac Output by changing heart rate and stroke volume. Afterload (MAP) EDV (FSLoH) + sympathetic contractility - parasympathetic

  32. Summary of Factors that Regulate Cardiac Output S 12 Fig. 12.28 Even persons with heart transplants can adjust CO in the absence of innervation of heart.

  33. S 13 Heart is pump that generates pressure gradient. Blood flows through vessels, which have resistance. Arterioles have greatest resistance and create “backpressure” in the arteries and aorta. Mean Arterial Pressure = diastolic +1/3(systolic – diastolic) = 70 + 1/3(120-70) = 70 + 17 = 87 mm Hg

  34. S 11 CO = HR x SV5L/min = 72 beat/min x 70 ml/beat35L/min = ? beat/min x ? ml/beat Factors that control Cardiac Output by changing heart rate and stroke volume. Afterload (MAP) EDV (FSLoH) + sympathetic contractility - parasympathetic

  35. Exchange S 1 Properties of Blood Vessels All vessels and heart chambers lined with ENDOTHELIAL cells (simple squamous) • Arteries • Arterioles • Capillaries • Venules • Veins Elastic, low compliance, large diameter, low resistance vessels Variable Resistance vessels Wall = simple squamous endothelium No smooth muscle; cannot change diameter Capacitance vessels, high compliance, low pressure, valves for unidirectional flow

  36. S 2 Fig. 12.29 Aorta Brachial or Femoral artery Damage to artery vs vein Pusatile flow

  37. S 3 Fig. 12.39b Analogy: river width and flow

  38. S 4 Fig. 12.30 Stretching elastic connective tissue Elastic recoil of stretched arterial walls during ventricular systole maintains arterial pressure during diastole as blood drains into arterioles. Atherosclerosis Recoil of elastic connective tissue Point of Confusion: Smooth muscles in arterial walls DO NOT rhythmically contract, do not pump!

  39. S 5 Arteries and Arterial PressureMean Arterial Pressure Arterioles have two main functions: 1) regulate flow to tissues and organs and 2) responsible for Total Peripheral Resistance which influences Blood Pressure. Arteriole MAP = CO x TPR Poiseulle’s Equation

  40. S 6 Fig. 12.50 CardiacOutput Heart Arteries MeanArterialPressure Arterioles Totol Peripheral Resistance CNS Kidneys Sk. Muscle Skin Gut

  41. S 7 Receptors for other ligands Alpha receptors more common except in skeletal muscle arterioles which have more B2 receptors

  42. S 8 Fig. 12.36 Metabolic vasodilators No parasympathetic innervation of arterioles! Importance of sympathetic “tone.” Metabolic autoregulation, flow autoregulation, myogenic autoregulation

  43. S 4 Figure 12.02 Arteries = 10% of Blood Volume Veins = 60% of Blood Volume Arterioles = Resistance vessels Capillaries = 5% of Blood Volume

  44. S 5 Capillaries: Continuous, discontinuous, and fenestrated capillaries: Ex: brain liver endocrine glands Figure 12.38 Generate vasodilators and vasoconstrictors Arterioles: 1) Extrinsic control by hormones and nerves2) Intrinsic (local) control by …..a) metabolic autoregulation, …..b) flow autoregulation, and …..c) myogenic autoregulation.

  45. 1QQ # 15 Answer one. • Describe metabolic autoregulation and list four substances that are classified as metabolic vasodilators. • What is the main difference between flow autoregulation and metabolic autoregulation? • Explain why the pressure in a major artery doesn’t fall to 0 during ventricular diastole.

  46. S 6 Capillary exchange by: Diffusion, vesicle transport, bulk flow, mediated transport

  47. S 7 Fig. 12.40 Diffusion is the mostimportant mode of exchange of nutrients

  48. S 8 Figure 12.41 Colloids Crystalloids = colloids (impermeable proteins) Bulk Flow

  49. Cell Membrane: selectively permeable Capillaries: highly permeable except to proteins S 9

  50. Bulk Flow through aqueous channels and intracellular clefts S 10 Figure 12.42 Starling Forces Regulated by arterioles Net filtration = 4L/day Main difference in the Pulmonary circuit?

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