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AP Physics Chapter 13 Vibrations and Waves

AP Physics Chapter 13 Vibrations and Waves. Chapter 13: Vibrations and Waves. 13.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 13.2 Equations of Motion 13.3 Wave Motion 13.4 Wave Properties 13.5 Standing Waves and Resonance. Learning Objectives. 1. Simple Harmonic Motion

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AP Physics Chapter 13 Vibrations and Waves

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  1. AP Physics Chapter 13Vibrations and Waves

  2. Chapter 13: Vibrations and Waves 13.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 13.2 Equations of Motion 13.3 Wave Motion 13.4 Wave Properties 13.5 Standing Waves and Resonance

  3. Learning Objectives 1. Simple Harmonic Motion Students will understand simple harmonic motion , so they can: a. Sketch or identify a graph of displacement as a function of time, and determine from such a graph the amplitude, period, and frequency of the motion. b. Write down an appropriate expression for displacement of the form A sin t or Acost to describe motion. c. State the relations between acceleration, velocity, and displacement, and identify points in the motion where these quantities are zero or achieve their greatest positive and negative values. d. State and apply the relation between frequency and period. e. State how the total energy of an oscillating system depends on the amplitude of the motion, sketch or identify a graph of kinetic or potential energy as a function of time, and identify points in the motion where this energy is all potential or all kinetic. f. Calculate the kinetic and potential energies of an oscillating system as function of time, sketch or identify graphs of these functions, and prove that the sum of kinetic and potential energy is constant.

  4. Learning Objectives 2. Mass on a spring Students will be able to apply their knowledge of simple harmonic motion to the case of a mass on a spring, so they can: a. Apply the expression for the period of oscillation of a mass on a spring. b. Analyze problems in which a mass hangs from a spring and oscillates vertically. c. Analyze problems in which a mass attached to a spring oscillates horizontally. 3. Pendulum and other oscillations Students will be able to apply their knowledge of simple harmonic motion to the case of a pendulum, so they can: a. Apply the expression for the period of a simple pendulum. b. State what approximation must be made in deriving the period.

  5. Learning Objectives 4. Traveling waves Students will understand the description of traveling waves, so they can: a. Sketch or identify graphs that represent traveling waves and determine the amplitude, wavelength, and frequency of a wave from such a graph. b. Apply the relation among wavelength, frequency, and velocity for a wave. c. Describe reflection of a wave from the fixed or free end of a string. 5. Interference and diffraction Students will understand the interference and diffraction of waves, so they can apply the principles of interference to coherent sources in order to: a. Describe the conditions under which the waves reaching an observation point from two or more sources will all interfere constructively, or under which the waves from the two sources will interfere destructively. b. Determine locations of interference maxima or minima for two sources or determine the frequencies or wavelengths that can lead to constructive or destructive interference at a certain point. c. Relate the amplitude produced by two or more sources that interfere constructively to the amplitude and intensity produced by a single source.

  6. Homework for Chapter 13 • Read Chapter 13 • HW 13.A : pp.447-448: 8,9,11,12,15,16,17,20,31-38, 41,42. • HW 13.B: pp 449-450: 51-55, 58,60,62,64,71,76-80.

  7. 13.1: Simple Harmonic Motion

  8. Warmup: Good Vibrations Physics Warmup #114 The source of all waves is a vibrating object. ********************************************************************************************* Complete the table below by identifying the source of each wave described. the vibrating tuning fork the propeller blades vocal cords vibrating electrons

  9. 13.1: Simple Harmonic Motion • The motion of an oscillating object depends on the restoring forces that make it go back and forth. • The simplest type of restoring force is a spring force. Hooke’s Law: Fs = -kx where k is the spring constant and x is the displacement • The negative sign indicates that the force is opposite to the displacement from the springs relaxed position. • Motion under the influence of the type of force described by Hooke’s Law is called: simple harmonic motion (SHM) • It is called harmonic because the motion can be described by sines and cosines.

  10. 13.1: Simple Harmonic Motion Fig 13.1, p. 420. • A block on a spring undergoes simple harmonic motion. • The block is at the equilibrium position, x = 0. • The force of a hand, Fh, pulls the block for a displacement of x = A. The force of the spring is Fs. • • At the time of the release, t = 0. • • The time it takes to complete one period of oscillation is T. • c) At t = T/4, the block is back at the equilibrium position. • d) at t = T/2, the block is at x = -A. • e) During the next half of the cycle, the motion is to the right. • f) At t = T, the object is back at its starting position.

  11. 13.1: Simple Harmonic Motion displacement - the distance of an object, including direction (  x), from its equilibrium position. amplitude (A) - the magnitude of the maximum displacement of a mass from its equilibrium position. period (T) - the time needed to complete one cycle of oscillation. frequency (f) - the number of cycles per second. • frequency and period are related by: f = 1 T • The SI unit of frequency is 1/s, or hertz (Hz). This is also known as cycles per second.

  12. 13.1: Simple Harmonic Motion The Energy and Speed of a Spring-Mass System in SHM Recall from Chapter 5, the total potential energy stored in a spring is: U = ½ kx2 On Gold Sheet The total kinetic and potential energies of a spring-mass system is equal to its total mechanical energy. E = K + U = ½ mv2 + ½ kx2 At a point of maximum displacement, (-A or +A), the instantaneous velocity is zero. Therefore all the energy at this point is potential. E = ½ m(0)2 + ½ k( A) 2 Simplifying, the total energy in SHM of a spring: E = ½ kA2 **Energy is proportional to the square of the amplitude**

  13. 13.1: Simple Harmonic Motion • Example 13.1: A 0.50 kg object is attached to a spring of spring constant 20 N/m along a horizontal frictionless surface. The object oscillates in simple harmonic motion and has a speed of 1.5 m/s at the equilibrium position. • What is the total energy of the system? • What is the amplitude? • At what location are the values for the potential and kinetic energies the same?

  14. 13.1: Simple Harmonic Motion • Example 13.2: An object is attached to a spring of spring constant 60 N/m along a horizontal, frictionless surface. The spring is initially stretched by a force of 5.0 N on the object and let go. It takes the object 0.50 s to get back to its equilibrium position after its release. • What is the amplitude? • What is the period? • What is the frequency?

  15. 13.1: Simple Harmonic Motion: Check for Understanding • A particle in SHM: • has variable amplitude • has a restoring force in the form of Hooke’s Law • has a frequency directly proportional to its period • has its position represented graphically by x(t) = at + b Answer: b

  16. 13.1: Simple Harmonic Motion: Check for Understanding • The maximum kinetic energy of a spring-mass system in SHM is equal to: • A • A2 • kA • kA2/2 Answer: d

  17. 13.1: Simple Harmonic Motion: Check for Understanding • 3. If the amplitude of an object in SHM is doubled: • how is the energy affected? • how is the maximum speed affected? • Answer: • Since E = ½kA2, the energy is four times as large. • b. Since vmax = k A , the maximum speed is twice as large. • m

  18. 13.1: Simple Harmonic Motion: Check for Understanding 4. If the period of a system in SHM is doubled, its frequency is: a. doubled b. halved c. four times as large d. one-quarter as large Answer: b, because f = 1/T

  19. 13.1: Simple Harmonic Motion: Check for Understanding 5. When a particle in SHM is at the equilibrium position, the potential energy of the system is: a. zero b. maximum c. negative d. none of the above Answer: a, because U = ½ kx2

  20. 13.2: Equations of Motion

  21. Warmup: Famous Scientists II Physics Warmup #153 Men and women are still making discoveries that totally change our ideas about certain areas of science, revise our theories, and in some cases, abandon centuries-old explanations. Most of those making the discoveries had no idea where technology would take their new found knowledge. Such was the case with Ernest Rutherford, Neils Bohr, and Enrico Fermi and their contributions toward our understanding of the atom. ********************************************************************************************* Solve this anagram to identify a famous scientist not mentioned. sent elite brain Answer: Albert Einstein

  22. 13.2: Equations of Motion • Simple Harmonic Motion can be defined using a reference circle as follows: • “If a particle is undergoing uniform circular motion then its projection on any diameter of its circular path performs Simple Harmonic Motion.” • View the animation: • http://137.229.52.100/physics/p103/applets/ref_circle.html • For this chapter, we will be using radians. Make sure to adjust your calculator! •  is measured in radians (rad) •  is measured in radians/second (rad/sec) • A is the radius of the reference circle.

  23. 13.2: Equations of Motion • The reference circle for horizontal motion • The shadow of an object in uniform circular motion has the same horizontal motion as the object on a spring in SHM. • The motion equation can be written x = A cos Ɵ or x = A cost.

  24. 13.2: Equations of Motion • The reference circle for vertical motion • The shadow of an object in uniform circular motion has the same vertical motion as the object oscillating on a spring in SHM. • The motion equation can be written as y = A sin Ɵ or y = A sin t.

  25. 13.2: Equations of Motion equation of motion - gives the object’s position as a function of time. ex: for constant acceleration, we use kinematics formulas, such as x = vo + at. Simple harmonic motion does NOT have constant acceleration, so we can’t use kinematics equations. •The equations of motion for an object in SHM is a combination of simple harmonic and uniform circular motion. They are: y = A sin (t + ) where y is the vertical displacement (in meters) A is the amplitude (in meters)  is the angular frequency of motion (in rad/sec)  is the phase constant (in rad) Recall,  = 2f = 2 Remember to set your calculator to radians! T •  is the phase constant. It is determined by the initial displacement and velocity direction. It will help you decide whether to use the sine or cosine function to describe a particular case of SHM.

  26. The phase difference between sine and cosine is 90° or /2.

  27. 13.2: Equations of Motion • If y=0 at t=0, and the motion is initially upward, the curve corresponds with a sine wave. • If the initial condition has positive amplitude, the wave, the curve corresponds with a cosine wave. • Here, the motion is initially downward and y = 0 at t = 0. A is negative; it is a sine wave. • Finally, the initial amplitude negative; it is a cosine wave.

  28. 13.2: Equations of Motion Observe how sinusoidal curve is traced out on the moving paper. Since the object’s initial displacement is +A, the equation can be written as y = A cos t

  29. 13.2: Equations of Motion Two other equations of motion for an object in SHM are: velocity: v =  A cos (t + ) acceleration:a = -2 A sin (t + ) = - 2 y

  30. 13.2: Equations of Motion a) The mass is held, then released. b) The weight of the mass makes it drop. c) The restoring force of the spring pulls back. d)The mass is in SHM. • Velocity is /2 out of phase with displacement. • Acceleration is  out of phase with displacement.

  31. 13.2: Equations of Motion damped harmonic motion - without a driving force, the amplitude or energy of an oscillating body will decrease with time. View simulation: http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/semester1/c19_damped_sim.html

  32. 13.2: Equations of Motion T = 2  m Period of an object oscillating on a spring k The frequency f of the oscillation is equal to 1/T. Therefore, f = 1 k Frequency of an object oscillating on a spring 2  m or  = k m • Note that the time period depends on the mass of the object and the spring constant, but does not depend on the acceleration due to gravity. • The greater the mass, the longer the period. The greater the spring constant (the stiffer the spring), the shorter the period.

  33. 13.2: Equations of Motion A simple pendulum consists of a small, heavy object on a string. For small angles of oscillation (Ɵ < 10°), a good approximation for period is: T = 2  L Period of a simple pendulum On Gold Sheet g where L is the length of the string g is the acceleration due to gravity • Note that the period of the simple pendulum is independent of the mass of the bob and the amplitude of the oscillations.

  34. 13.2: Equations of Motion • Example 13.3: An object with a mass of 1.0 kg is attached to a spring with a spring constant of 10 N/m. The object is displaces by 3.0 cm from the equilibrium position and let go. • What is the amplitude A? • What is the period T? • What is the frequency f?

  35. 13.2: Equations of Motion • Example 13.4: The pendulum of a grandfather clock is 1.0 m long. • What is its period on the Earth? • What would its period be on the Moon where the acceleration due to gravity is 1.7 m/s2?

  36. 13.2: Equations of Motion • Example 13.5: The position of an object in simple harmonic motion is described by y = (0.25 m) sin (/2 t). Find the • amplitude A • period T • maximum speed

  37. 13.2: Equations of Motion: Check for Understanding • The equation of motion for a particle in SHM • a. is always a cosine function • b. reflects damping action • c. is independent of the initial conditions • d. gives the position of the particle as a function of time Answer: d

  38. 13.2: Equations of Motion: Check for Understanding 2. If the length of a pendulum is doubled, what is the ratio of the new period to the old one? a. 2 b. 4 c. 1/2 d. 2 Answer: d

  39. 13.2: Equations of Motion: Check for Understanding 3. Which of the following does not affect the period of a vibrating mass on a spring? a. mass b. spring constant c. acceleration due to gravity d. frequency Answer: c

  40. Homework for Chapter 13.1 & 13.2 • HW 13.A: pp.447-448: 8,9,11,12,15,16,17,20,31-38, 41,42.

  41. 13.3: Wave Motion

  42. Warmup: Type Casting Physics Warmup #116 Waves that cause a medium to be disturbed in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave is traveling are called transversewaves. When the medium is disturbed in a direction parallel to the direction in which the wave is traveling, the wave is called longitudinal. ********************************************************************************************* Complete the table below by identifying each wave as being either transverse or longitudinal. longitudinal transverse transverse longitudinal transverse

  43. 13.3: Wave Motion

  44. 13.3: Wave Motion wave motion - the propagation of a disturbance (energy and momentum) through a material. • Only energy is transferred, not matter. periodic wave - requires a disturbance from an oscillation source. • If the driving source maintains constant amplitude of the wave, the result is SHM. A periodic wave can be characterized by the following: amplitude - the magnitude of displacement of the particles of the material from their equilibrium position. wavelength - the distance between two successive crests or troughs. frequency - the number of wavelengths that passes by a given point in a second. wave speed - the speed of wave motion (speed of a crest or trough) given by: v =  f = /T where  is wavelength, f is frequency, and T is period

  45. 13.3: Wave Motion The rope “particles” oscillate vertically in simple harmonic motion. The distance between two successive points that are in phase (at identical points on the wave form) is the wavelength. Question: What is the phase difference between the first (red) and last (blue) waves? Answer: /2

  46. 13.3: Wave Motion Example 13.6: A student reading her physics book on a lake dock notices that the distance between two incoming wave crests is about 2.4 m, and she then measures the time of arrival between wave crests to be 1.6 s. What is the approximate speed of the waves? Answer:  = 2.4 m T = 1.6 s v = /T = 2.4 m / 1.6 s v = 1.5 m/s

  47. 13.3: Wave Motion

  48. 13.3: Wave Motion transverse wave - the particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of the wave velocity. ex: guitar string; electromagnetic wave longitudinal wave - the particle oscillation is parallel to the direction of the wave velocity. • also called a compressional wave • can propagate in solids, liquids, or gases ex: sound waves Combination of transverse and longitudinal waves: ex: seismic, water View Wave Motion: http://paws.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/waves/wavemotion.html Rarefaction

  49. 13.3: Wave Motion: Check for Understanding

  50. 13.3: Wave Motion: Check for Understanding

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