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Understanding the Immune Response: Monoclonal Antibodies and Cell-Mediated Immunity

This chapter focuses on the specific defenses of the host, detailing the immune response mechanisms involving antibody-antigen binding. It covers the concept of antibody titers, the production of monoclonal antibodies via hybridomas, and their applications, including immunotoxins and humanized MAbs. The chapter also discusses the role of cytokines in immune communication, emphasizing the activation and differentiation of T cells, including helper, cytotoxic, and suppressor T cells. These mechanisms are crucial for both cell-mediated immunity and the body's response to infections and diseases.

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Understanding the Immune Response: Monoclonal Antibodies and Cell-Mediated Immunity

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  1. Chapter 17, part B Specific Defenses of the Host: The Immune Response

  2. The Results of Ag-Ab Binding Figure 17.9

  3. Antibody titer: • Is the amount of Ab in serum Figure 17.10

  4. Monoclonal Antibodies • Hybridomas are produced by fusing a cancer cell with an Ab-secreting plasma cells • The hybridoma cell culture is immortal and produces monoclonal Abs (Mabs) • Immunotoxins: Mabs conjugated with a toxin to target cancer cells • Chimeric Mabs: Genetically modified mice that produce Ab with a human constant region • Humanized Mabs: Mabs that are mostly human, except for mouse antigen-binding

  5. Monoclonal Antibodies Figure 17.11

  6. Immune system cells communicate via cytokines • Interleukin-1 Stimulates TH cells • Interleukin-2 Activates TH, B, TC, and NK cells • Interleukin-12 Differentiation of CD4 cells • -Interferon Increase activity of macrophages • Chemokines Cause leukocytes to move to an infection

  7. Cell-Mediated Immunity • Specialized lymphocytes, mostly T cells, respond to intracellular Ags • After differentiating in the thymus, T cells migrate to lymphoid tissue • T cells differentiate into effector T cells when stimulated by an Ag • Some effector T cells become memory cells

  8. T Cells • Helper T Cells (CD4, TH) • TH1 Activate cells related to cell-mediated immunity • TH2 Activate B cells to produce eosinophils, IgM, and IgE • Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8, TC) • Destroy target cells with perforin

  9. T Cells • Delayed Hypersensitivity T Cells (TD) • Associated with allergic reaction, transplant rejection, and tuberculin skin test • Suppressor T cells (TS) • Turn off immune response when Ag no longer present

  10. Helper T Cells Figure 17.13

  11. Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity Figure 17.14

  12. Nonspecific Cells • Activated macrophages: Macrophages stimulated by ingesting Ag or by cytokines • Natural killer cells: Lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected cells, tumor Figure 17.15

  13. T-independent Antigens B cell Figure 17.17

  14. T-independent Antigens Figure 17.16

  15. Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Figure 17.18

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