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The Hopelessness of 1917

The Hopelessness of 1917. Nivelle Offensives French Mutinies Passchendaele Easter Rising USW Russian Revolution Cambrai The Entry of the United States. The Allies: France. Manpower reserves gone French Mutiny after the Nivelle Offensives (15-29 April 1917)

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The Hopelessness of 1917

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  1. The Hopelessness of 1917 • Nivelle Offensives • French Mutinies • Passchendaele • Easter Rising • USW • Russian Revolution • Cambrai • The Entry of the United States

  2. The Allies: France • Manpower reserves gone • French Mutiny after the Nivelle Offensives (15-29 April 1917) • 120,000 casualties to take 600 yards • 23,000 courts martial • Promotion of Pétain French “poilus” in their Trenches

  3. The Allies: Britain • The Somme 1 July 1916 • 60,000 casualties in one day; 620,000 total allied casualties • Paschendaele (Third Ypres) July to Nov., 1917 • 500,000 casualties; no gain • Empire loosening • Easter Rising • German U-Boat Threat “Victory was to be bought so dear as to be almost indistinguishable from defeat” -- Winston Churchill.

  4. The Allies: Russia • Brusilov Offensives (June to October, 1916) • Russians gain 25 miles and take 25,000 Austrian POW in one day! • Still stalemate, but further west • War is very unpopular • Russian Revolution growing strong General Alexei Brusilov

  5. The Central Powers • German-Austrian alliance cracking • Brusilov Offensives destroy Austrian amry • Severe shortages in both nations • Must gamble on Unrestricted Submarine Warfare U Boat Attack

  6. Cambrai (20 November 1917) • British concentrate 381 tanks • Temporarily break German lines • But tanks can’t hold ground • Tanks are expensive, hard to maintain

  7. Enter the United States • Lusitania (May, 1915) • “Rights of Neutrals” • Zimmerman Telegram • US connections to Britain, France Woodrow Wilson

  8. America on the Battlefield • Building an army and navy • Selective Service • Getting it to Europe • Convoysystem • Use navy to protect ships themselves rather than sea lanes • Reduces losses from 25% to 4% General John Pershing

  9. Debates for 1918 • Germany: How to win before the US arrives on the battlefield? • Allies: How to use the American army? Amalgamation? • Both: Will US troops offset German troops arriving from Russia?

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