Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright

1. Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Pests and Pest Control PPT by Clark E. Adams

2. Pests and Pest Control The need for pest control Promises and problems of the chemical approach Alternative pest control methods Socioeconomic issues in pest management Pesticides and policy

3. Formosan Subterranean Termite Invades the French Quarter

4. The Need for Pest Control Any organism that has a negative effect on human health or economics Any organism that is noxious, destructive, or troublesome Plants or animals (see Fig. 16-2) Formosan termite Fire ants Aedes mosquito Medfly

5. Pest Control Purposes Protect our food Protect our health Convenience

6. Pesticide Use in the United States

7. Philosophies of Pest Control Chemical technology Use of chemicals to kill large numbers of the pest Short-term protection Environmental and health consequences

8. Philosophies of Pest Control Ecological pest management Control based on pest life cycle and ecology Control agent may be an organism or chemical (more on next slide)

9. Philosophies of Pest Control Specific to pest and/or to manipulate a part of the ecosystem Emphasizes protection from pest

10. Promises and Problems of the Chemical Approach Development of chemical pesticides and their successes Problems stemming from chemical pesticide use

11. Development of Chemical Pesticides First-generation pesticides (inorganic) First attempt at chemical technology Toxic to humans and agricultural plants Pests developed resistance

12. Development of Chemical Pesticides Second-generation pesticides Used after WW II Organic chemical Toxic to humans and agricultural plants Pests developed resistance

16. DDT In 1939, a chemist in Switzerland developed a new compound that would profoundly change the lives of farmers and ordinary folks around the globe. Paul Muller was working for the J. R. Geigy firm when he demonstrated that DDT killed the Colorado potato beetle, a pest that was ravaging the potato crops across America and Europe. DDT quickly became the new "wonder insecticide" and was credited with saving thousands of human lives in World War II by killing typhus-carrying lice and malaria-carrying mosquitoes. It was the first "organic" chemical insecticide, meaning that it is a carbon-based molecule. In the years to come, this product of the 30s would go from a savior to a scourge. DDT was eventually banned, but it opened up a long line of new organic chemical insecticides that would change agriculture

18. The DDT Story DDT: the magic bullet Extremely toxic to insects; seemed nontoxic to humans and other mammals Cheap Broad-spectrum and persistent (more next slide)

19. The DDT Story DDT: the magic bullet Effective for disease prevention (typhus fever, malaria) Expanded agricultural production Paul M�ller awarded Nobel prize in 1948

21. India

22. DOUBLE INDEMNITY The US and other developed countries banned the use of DDT in the 1970s because of its alarming toxicity and possible carcinogenicity. Despite the ban, India sprayed 7,000 tonnes of DDT in 2001-2002. India has consumed 350,000 tonnes of DDT since 1985, mainly for agricultural and public health purposes. Studies reveal Indians have one of the highest body DDT concentrations.Intensive use of DDT has made mosquitoes resistant to the insecticide.

23. Problems Stemming from Chemical Pesticide Use Development of resistance by pests Resurgences and secondary pest outbreaks Adverse environmental and human health effects

25. http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/farminginthe1930s.html

26. In 1925, a family of four in London fell ill with what would be diagnosed as arsenic poisoning. The poison came from apples from western United States that had not been properly washed by the grower. The British government was thinking of banning U.S. fruit.In the 1930s, the concern reached across the Atlantic and became a crusade by reformers against arsenic insecticides. And while the most visible symbol for the crusaders was arsenic on a child's red apple, farmers all across the country were using these insecticides and became targets of the crusade.Arsenic was an easy target because everyone knew it was an ancient poison. In 1933, Arthur Kallett and F. J. Schlink wrote 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs and charged that foods, drugs and cosmetics contained dangerous chemical additives or residues that were being "tested" on the entire population of the U.S. The book went through 33 printing runs and was a best seller.The Food and Drug Administration had been first set up in 1906, but by the 30s the reformers argued that science and commerce had overtaken the agency. Rexford Tugwell, FDR's Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, became involved in the issue because the FDA was housed in the Agriculture Department. One morning, the head of the FDA suggested that the original FDA law hadn't anticipated the actions Tugwell was proposing, Tugwell agreed. By that afternoon, he told the agency chief that the President said it was time to revise the FDA law, and the agency chief should get to work drafting a new law. Five years later, the new provisions passed.It was clear from the public concern and new regulatory measures that arsenic insecticides needed to be replaced. And these developments set the stage for a remarkable explosion in science and a fight over the environmental impact of agricultural chemicals that continues today.

27. Resistance Chemical pesticides lose effectiveness Resistant pest populations produce next generations

28. Pesticide Resistance

29. Resurgence and Secondary Outbreaks Resurgences: after �eliminating� a pest, its population rebounds in even higher numbers than previous levels. Secondary outbreaks: outbreaks of species� populations that were not previously at pest levels.

30. The Bugs Are Coming!

32. The Pesticide Treadmill

33. Human Health Effects Cancer, dermatitis, neurological disorder, birth defects, sterility, endocrine system disruption, immune system depression. Agricultural workers suffer acute poisoning during pesticide application.

34. Human Health Effects Aerial spraying and dumping bring pesticides in contact with families and children. Soldiers exposed to agent orange in Vietnam suffered high rates of cancer and other diseases. Operation Ranch Hand

35. Environmental Effects DDT led to the decline in populations of several bird species Bald eagle Peregrine falcon Bioaccumulation Biomagnification

36. Biomagnification

37. Nonpersistent Pesticides Substitutes for banned pesticides Break down after a few weeks Can still be harmful because of: Toxicity Dosage Location

38. Alternative Pest Control Methods Cultural control Control by natural enemies Genetic control Natural chemical control

39. Complex Life Cycle of Insects

41. Genetic Control Plants or animals are bred to be resistant to the attack of pests. Chemical barriers Physical barriers

42. Genetic Control Introduction of genes into crops from other species: transgenic crops. Sterile males are released into pest population.

44. Natural Chemical Control A volatile chemical produced by the opposite sex of a species which alters the reproductive behavior of the opposite sex. Perfumes Colognes After shave Natural body odors

45. Natural Chemical Control Manipulation of pests� hormones or pheromones to disrupt the life cycle Japanese beetle trap (see Fig. 16-18)

46. Socioeconomic Issues of Pest Management Pressures to use pesticides Integrated pest management Organically grown food

47. The Economic Threshold

48. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) An approach to controlling pest populations using all suitable methods�chemical and ecological�in a way that brings about long-term management of pest populations and also has minimal environmental impact

50. Pesticides and Policy Fifra: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act FQPA of 1996: Food Quality Protection Act Pesticides in developing countries

51. FIFRA or FQPA? Pesticides evaluated on intended use and potential effects to human health and the environment Training and protection of agricultural workers Protection of public from risks of pesticides used on food

52. End of Chapter 16