Chapter 7 Transport Systems

1. Chapter 7 Transport Systems 1 2

2. Single celled organisms can use diffusion and endo/exocytosis to get materials in/out... Multicellular organisms require more complex systems... 3 Think back to the membrane transport chapter... 4

3. Support Lignin to stiffen stemsWater Absorption Roots/Root hairsDry Air Stomates, Cuticle PollenSoil Blocks Light Leaves Water/Nutrient Transport Vascular TissueXylem-H2O, Minerals Phloem-Nutrients and sugars About 430 MYA, plants moved to land and had problems to overcome…

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5. Non-Vascular Mosses and Liverworts Small plants Live in moist environments No transport tissues ( diffusion ) VascularMost other plants May grow very large Wide range of habitats Xylem and Phloem Types of Plants 19 18 21

6. Cenozoic Angio-sperms Gymnosperms (e.g., conifers) Seedless vascular plants (e.g., ferns) Bryophytes (e.g., mosses) Diversification of flowering plants Mesozoic Charophyceans (a group of green algae) First seed plants Paleozoic Early vascular plants Origin of plants Evolution of Plants Figure 16.7

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8. Vascular Tissue 22 Vascular Bundle 20 Vertical Section of a tomato stem Phloem Xylem 9

9. Tracheids Support & Transport Thick walled With Pits Vessels Transport Thin walled Perforated Xylem & Water Transport 6 Scanning electron micrograph of pumpkin xylem 5 Scanning electron micrograph of a conifer tracheid There are also support fibers!

10. Cohesion-Tension Hypothesis When capillary action isn’t enough… • Forces moving H20 • Hydrogen Bonding • Cohesion: H-Bonds between water molecules • Adhesion: H-bonds between water dn other surfaces • Transpiration • Root Pressure It is like a long string of tiny magnets pulling water through the plant! 4

11. Transpiration is controlled by diffusion gradients … When SHOULD the stomates be open? 23

12. Sieve Tubes Live cells Porous end plates Transport sugars and amino acids Companion Cells May help transport sucrose into the sieve tubes Produces sugar transport proteins Phloem & Nutrient Transport 7 1000x See P. 189

13. a. Active transport of sugars from Source to sieve cells. b. Osmosis - Water enters sieve cells c. Water pressure moves sugars d. Active transport moves sugars to Sink e. Osmosis – Water returns to xylem Pressure Flow Hypothesis 8 When diffusion isn’t fast enough…

14. Xylem and Phloem17

15. Circulation: Exchange of materials with environment Movement of materials within the organism Circulatory System: Collection of organs that transports materials to and from cells Pump Circulatory Fluid Transport Systems in Animals Blood Vessels Pump (Heart) Lymph Sinuses

16. 9 9 Open Circulatory System No Circulatory System Simple diffusion is enough Closed Circulatory System 9

17. Insects and other arthropods (“joint-footed") No separation between blood and other intercellular fluid Sinuses (spaces) contain fluid Heart and body movements circulate fluid Transport via diffusion and active transport Earthworms and vertebrates Blood separated from other fluid in Vessels Heart pumps blood into a network of vessels Blood travels faster, system more efficient Transport across capillary walls Open vs. Closed 10 11

18. Open vs. Closed Circulatory Systems4

19. A fluid (eg. blood or hemolymph) to carry the materials Vessels to distribute the blood A pump to move the blood through the body Organs to exchange substances with environment What organs add things to the blood? What organs take things out of the blood? Efficient Circulatory Systems have... Intestines Lungs Gills Kidneys Lungs Gills

20. Heart 1-2 Atria receive blood from organs 1-2 Ventricles pump blood out of the heart Blood Vessels Arteries carry blood away from the heart Aorta - Blood to body Pulmonary arteries - Blood to lungs Capillaries - microscopic vessels Veins carry blood to heart Vertebrate Circulation Circulatory System = Cardiovascular System = Heart + Blood Vessels + Blood Naming is based on direction! NOT oxygenation of blood

21. Vertebrate Circulation4 Fish 2 Chambered Heart Amphibian 3 Chambered Heart Double Circulation Bird or Mammal 4 Chambered Heart Double Circulation

22. See P. 195-196 Human Circulation23 Atria (A) - Receive blood Ventricles (V) - Pump blood One-way Valves separate the atria from the ventricles Heartbeat is regulated by pacemaker cells in the inside wall of the right atrium and nerves outside the heart

23. Superior vena cava Pacemaker Semilunar valves connect heart to body Atrioventricular (AV) valves connect atria to ventricles Inferior vena cava 4

24. From Episode #141 of Happy Days Pump, pump, pumps your blood. The right atrium’s where the process begins, Where the CO2 blood enters the heart. Through the tricuspid valve, to the right ventricle, The pulmonary artery, and lungs. Once inside the lungs, it dumps its carbon dioxide And picks up its oxygen supply. Then it’s back to the heart through the pulmonary vein, Through the atrium and left ventricle. Pump, pump, pumps your blood. Pump, pump, pumps your blood. The aortic valve’s, where the blood leaves the heart, Then it's channeled to the rest of the bod. The arteries, arterioles, and capillaries too Bring the oxygenated blood to the cells. The tissues and the cells trade off waste and CO2, Which is carried through the venules and the veins Through the larger vena cava to the atrium and lungs, And we're back to where we started in the heart. Pump, pump, pumps your blood. 23

25. The Cardiac Cycle4 Systole = contraction Diastole = relaxation Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right?

26. Muscle Types23 • Skeletal Muscle • Striated • Voluntary • Cardiac Muscle • In heart • Involuntary • Smooth Muscle • Eg. Digestive tract • Involuntary

27. 4 The z-line is the anchor point for the actin thin filaments! Sarcomere

28. Sliding Filament Model4 Requires ATP and O2 30_09AAN Actin Myosin Binding.MOV 30_09BAN Actin Myosin II.MOV

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30. Made up of muscle and elastic tissue Allows the expansion of the vessel when the heart beats Contraction of arteries helps maintain blood pressure Arteries9 Form follows function!

31. Lower blood pressure Thinner walls Less muscle and elastic tissue One way valves prevent backflow of blood Veins 9 See p. 201 to see how valves keep blood moving back to the heart 4

32. Tissue cell Diffusion of CO2 and wastes out of tissue cells and into capillary Arterial end of capillary Diffusion of O2 and nutrients out of capillary and into tissue cells Venous ends of capillary Interstitial fluid Capillaries Microscopic blood vessels Figure 23.9b

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35. Interaction of Hormones Nervous System Circulatory System Excretory System If BP drops – Nerves and brain signal Increased heartrate Constrict blood vessels Blood Pressure Regulation Allocation of blood flow changes with activity type/level! See P. 202 15

36. Measuring Blood Pressure 23

37. What’s in 5L of Blood? Plasma 55% Cellular elements 45% Water (09% of plasma) Red blood cells (erythrocytes) Proteins Salts (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium) White blood cells (leukocytes) Blood Substances being transported (e.g., 02, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones) Platelets (thrombocytes) Figure 23.11

38. Erythrocytes (RBCs)- red blood cells, transport O2 Hemoglobin (Hb) - human protein which carries O2; Fe binds O2 Other animals have different proteins 120 day lifespan Made in bone marrow NO nuclei Composition of Blood14 See P. 204 Scanning electron micrograph; 1635x

39. Composition of Blood14 • Leukocytes - White Blood Cells • 2nd line of defense against invading organisms • Macrophages use endocytosis to engulf bacteria and destroy it The macrophage is green, the E. coli bacteria are blue (975x)

40. Plasma - Water with Proteins Salts (electrolytes) Amino Acids Sugars Hormones Ions Etc… Maintains homeostasis (pH, concentration, etc.) Carries CO2 to Lungs Composition of Blood14 Scanning Electron micrograph 1245x

41. The Lymphatic System16 • Lymph • Water • Specialized Cells • Large proteins • Salts • Other Substances • Vessel system similar to blood vessels. • Circulates through the body and joins the bloodstream near the heart. • Pumped by muscle contraction during movement

42. Blood Clotting aka. Coagulation 1. Platelets - cell fragments become sticky at wound and attract other platelets which help plug the hole 2. Chain of clotting factors (p. 442) changes fibrinogen to its net-like form - Fibrin 3. Fibrin traps platelets and other stuff which helps plug hole Scanning electron micrograph 1445x Fibrin is green Platelets are blue Stroke = Clot blocking blood flow

43. The Clotting Mechanism 4

44. Blood Sugar Regulation Insulin and Glucagon (P. 147) O2/CO2 Levels Sensors in Aorta and Brain sense blood pH and change breathing rate More CO2 Lower pH Temperature Regulation Dilation of Blood Vessels to let heat diffuse away Circulatory System and Homeostasis 4

45. Sources Cited • 1. www.hollins.edu/abroad/ london/underground.jpg • 2. http://www.thebus.org/index.asp • 3. http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/staff/rlynch/sci_class/chap09/lesson_protista/Protista_Lesson.html • 4. BioCD. From Biology, Fifth Edition. Campbell, Reece, Mitchell. Addison, Wesley, Longman. 1999. • 5. www.aist.go.jp/NIRE/~carbon/ GIF/fiber2.jpg • 6. www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/biologie/ b_online/fo06/09a1.jpg • 7. www.wisc.edu/.../Phloem/ Sieve-plate%20MC%20.jpg • 8. http://home.earthlink.net/~dayvdanls/pressureflow.gif • 9. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookcircSYS.html • 10. www.gencourt.state.nh.us/ senate/images/insect.jpg • 11. www.seasite.niu.edu/.../small_animals/ images/earthworm.jpg • 12. http://www.science4me.com/images/articles/aa03_blood_flow.gif • 13. www.medinfo.ufl.edu/pa/chuck/ summer/handouts/muscle.htm • 14. www.denniskunkel.com with permission • 15. health.smsu.edu/we%20help%20you/ tclinic.htm • 16.http://a248.e.akamai.net/7/248/430/20011109011206/www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/illus/i167_1.gif • 17. http://www.unlv.edu/Colleges/Sciences/Biology/Schulte/Anatomy/Cells.html • 18. http://www.biology.iastate.edu/Courses/201L/Bryoph/%20BryoINDX1 • 19. http://www.biology.iastate.edu/Courses/201L/Bryoph/%20BryoINDX2 • 20. http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/courses/plb105/Students/Tomato/Stems/secstem4.html • 21. Plants in British Columbia: www.geog.ubc.ca/richmond/ city/plants.htm • 22. www.utm.edu/~rirwin/ vascplant.htm • 23. Bioshow: for Biology: Concepts and Connections, Second Edition. Campbell, Mitchell, and Reece

46. Basic Plant Anatomy9 http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPLANTANATII.html

47. BioCD. From Biology, Fifth Edition. Campbell, Reece, Mitchell. Addison, Wesley, Longman. 1999.

48. Vertebrate Circulation4 Fish 2 Chambered Heart Amphibian 3 Chambered Heart Double Circulation Bird or Mammal 4 Chambered Heart Double Circulation