The Federalist Era

1. The Federalist Era George Washington 1789-1797 John Adams 1797-1801

2. United States in the 1790s • 90% rural • Vermont 14th state (ratified Const before RI) • Novel Nation: based on ideas, not tribalism • Naturally rebellious • Debt-ridden govt • Mississippi in Spain’s hands • No previous example to follow • GW unanimously elected 69-0

4. First Census, 1790

7. Washington’s Domestic Policies • Established Cabinet • Bill of Rights • Judiciary Act of 1789 • Hamilton’s Plan for the Economy • Whiskey Rebellion • Political Parties formed • Made his Farewell Address

8. Early Government • 1st Capital in NYC • VP= John Adams…..”His Rotunduncy” • Established Cabinet (not in Constitution) Knox- Sec of War Jefferson- Sec of State Hamilton- Sec of Treasury Edmund Randolph, Attorney General

9. The first cabinet: GW, Knox, Randolph, TJ, and Hamilton

10. Bill of Rights (Amendments 1-10 Added in 1792 2/3 of Congress plus ¾ of State Legislatures

12. Judiciary Act of 1789 • Organized Supreme Court (originally 5 members) • 1st Chief Justice= John Jay • Est. 13 District Courts (not written in Constitution)

13. Hamilton’s Economic PlanReport on Manufactures • Fund Debt at “par” value state debts= $25 million, Southern States already pd National Debt= $54 million Engender Wealthy to Federal Government Passed 31-29……South received DC as part of the deal • Tariff (8% on imports) + excise tax on Whiskey acquire revenue for National Debt ($75 million) protect infant industries from DUMPING • Est National Bank (1st Bank of the United States)

14. Benjamin Banneker, designer of Washington, D.C.

15. GW lays Capitol Cornerstone 1794

16. The Bank Controversy • Pro-Bank • Hamilton • Focus on Industry • Emphasizes Elastic Clause (Necessary and Proper) Art 1, sec 8 • Uses Loose interpretation of Const. • Roots of Federalist party • Anti- Bank • Jefferson • Pro- Farmer • Emphasized 10th Amendment (reserved powers) • Uses Strict Interpretation of Const. • Roots of Democratic-Republican Party

17. The First Bank of the United States, Philadelphia, PA

18. Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 • Excise tax hard on frontiersmen • Western Penn farmers refuse to pay • GW calls out 15,000 militia to subdue farmers • GW leads troops (Hamilton assists) • Rebellion subdued, leaders given clemency • Contrast with earlier rebellions, esp Shays • Federal Government shows itself to be strong

21. Emergence of Political Parties Federalists Democratic-Republicans • Supported Central govt. • Future was industry • Favored Britain • Favored Bank of US • Loose Construction (elastic or “necessary and proper”) • Adams, Jay, Hamilton • Supported State govt. • Future was farming • Favored France • Opposed Bank of US • Strict Construction (10thAmendment)\ • Pat Henry, Jefferson, Sam Adams, James Madison

22. National Gazette Philip Freneau Democratic-Republican Bias Gazette of the United States John Fenno Federalist Bias

24. Foreign Affairs in GW’s Admin • French Revolution • British Relations Jay’s Treaty British attack of ships in Indies Frontier Forts • Spanish- Pinkney’s Treaty • Indians Battle of Fallen Timbers Treaty of Greenville

25. French Revolution • Initially, (1789) Americans cheered the Rev • By 1793, Reign of Terror split Americans Feds= oppose, Dem-Repubs= support Washington issues Neutrality Proclamation, Despite the French-American Alliance • Edmund Genet, French diplomat recruits Americans to attack Spanish Florida & British Canada embarasses TJ, leads to resignation

27. British Relations • British held forts in Northwest Territory (since Americans paid no debt or repatriated loyalists) • British attack 300 ships in West Indies • 1795 Jay’s Treaty averted war with Britain Brits promise to leave frontier forts Brits pay damage for ships No agreement on future neutral shipping Split nation by political party

28. John Jay hung in Effigy by Democratic -Republicans

29. VS “Mad” Anthony Wayne Chief Little Turtle Battle of Fallen Timbers Treaty of Greenville ,1795

30. GW’s Farewell Address • Avoid permanent alliances • Avoid political parties • Avoid Sectionalism • Set the precedent of 2-term president

32. GW: 1732-1799….Richard Henry Lee eulogized by saying, “First in War, First in Peace, first in the heart of his countrymen.”

33. The Large Dining Room This room was the center for the lavish parties thrown by GW and Martha

35. Downstairs Bedroom This was a guest bedroom Included a fireplace The canopy was not just for looks: in the winter the bed was covered

37. Clerk’s Quarters

40. The Kitchen Attached to the main home by an overhang It got a little hot on summer days!

44. The Ice House Ice collected from Potomac River Stored underground in Ice House Chunks used in Ice Boxes to keep meats, dairy, etc from spoiling

46. Slave Quarters Looked a bit like Barracks One-room fits all: large families, small space

50. The Greenhouse On the backside of the Slave Quarters, directly behind the smith’s fire. The plants stayed warm in the winter, even the tropical ones. Which were treated better, the slaves or the plants???????