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Astronomy Notes Part 1

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kris
73 diapositives · 929 Views · Aug 25, 2014

This educational overview discusses the fundamental concepts of our solar system, including astronomical distances such as astronomical units and light years. It describes the Sun's structure, including the core and various zones, as well as the processes of nuclear fusion that produce solar energy. The presentation examines the eight planets, their classifications into terrestrial and gas giants, and highlights unique features of each. Notably, it explores the dynamics of planetary rotation, solar activity, and the possibility of life on Earth.

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  1. Astronomy Notes Part 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  2. An astronomical unit is the average distance between the sun and Earth. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  3. A Solar Family • A light year is the distance traveled in one years time. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  4. Rotation is the spin of an object in space. Revolution is the motion of a body as it travels around another body in space. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  5. The earth travels around the sun in a path called an orbit. Cite:http://www.cs.duke.edu/courses/cps124/fall02/projects/solar/ss.jpg Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  6. A. Parts of the Sun: B. C. The corona forms the outer atmosphere. The chromosphere is the thin region below the corona. The photosphere is what we know as the visible surface of the sun. D. E. F. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  7. The convective zone is where gas circulates. The radiative zone is a dense region where atoms are packed tightly. The core is where energy is produced. http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/exhibits/sun/graphics/sun8.jpg Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  8. The sun gets it’s energy fromnuclear fusion. This is a process by which 2 or more low mass nuclei join together to form a massive nucleus. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  9. Solar activity is when thermal energy moves from the sun’s interior by the circulation of gases in the convection zone causing gas in the photosphere to boil and churn. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Cite :http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/images/solaranim092501b.gif:

  10. Types of Solar Activity: Sun spots are formed when magnetic fields slow down in the convective zone causing areas on the sun to become cooler. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Cite: http://www.celestialimage.com/steve%20lee%20sun.jpg

  11. Solar flares are giant storms on the sun’s surface that send huge streams of electrically charged particles into the solar system. Solar flares cause light shows in the sky called auroras. Click to see a picture of auroras. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  12. The Eight Planets+ One Planetoid Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  13. In 1610, Galileo Galilei realized that planets are not just points of light – they are spherical bodies like the Earth. Cite: http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/~idh/apod/image/0110/galileo_sustermans.jpg Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  14. The solar system is divided into two main parts: Inner planets and the outer planets. Cite: http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/projects/data/KeplersLaws/images/planets.jpg: Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  15. The inner planets are called terrestrial planets because they are small, dense, and rocky like the Earth . The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Cite: http://www.manatee.k12.fl.us/sites/elementary/palmasola/inner2.jpg Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  16. The outer planets are much larger and are made mostly of gasses thus are called Gas Giants. The gas giants are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Cite: http://www.motivate.maths.org/conferences/conf42/Talk_images/outer_planets_small_2.jpg Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  17. Some planets rotate clockwise (retrograde rotation) while others rotate counterclockwise (prograde rotation). The planets that have a retrograde rotation are Venus, Uranus, and Pluto. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  18. Mercury is the closest planet to the sun. A day = 59 Earth days (because of slow rotation) A year = 88 Earth days Mercury has the biggest range in surface temperatures. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  19. Venus is more like Earth than any other planet. One way it differs, however, is that Venus has a retrograde rotation. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  20. The only planet that is known to support life is Earth. Earth is warm enough to keep water from freezing and cool enough to keep it from boiling. Liquid water is a vital resource for life on Earth. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  21. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Cite: http://www.lunaroutpost.com/gallery/earth/images/earth_full_hires%20copy.jpg

  22. Mars, the red planet, is the fourth planet from the sun. There is strong evidence that water once existed here. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  23. Mars has the largest mountain in the solar system. The name of the mountain is Olympus Mons and it is an extinct shield volcano. Citehttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/mars/olympus_mons.jpg: Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  24. Mar's surfacePicture taken by the Viking lander Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Cite: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/mars/vikinglander2-2.jpg

  25. Jupiter is the largest gas giant. Jupiter radiates much more energy into space than it receives from the sun. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  26. Saturn is the second largest planet. Saturn is made mostly of hydrogen and helium. Saturn has the largest rings, which are made of icy particles. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  27. Uranus is a small gas giant. It may have been tipped over on its side when it was hit by a massive object. It has a blue-green color due to methane. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  28. Neptune has a great dark spot. It’s atmosphere contains belts of visible clouds. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  29. Pluto is the farthest planetoid from the sun. It is covered by frozen nitrogen and it’s moon is more than half its size. Cite: http://www.xtec.es/centres/b7001413/imatges/pluto.jpg Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  30. Astronomy Notes Part II Moons and Other Bodies Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  31. Moons and Other Bodies Our moon’s name is Luna. It is about 4.6 billion years old and has numerous impact craters. The dark areas or lava plains on the moon are called marias. Cite:http://www.astrosurf.com/cidadao/moon_99_03_01.jpg Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  32. Moons and Other Bodies Satellites are natural or artificial bodies that revolve around a larger body. Moons are natural bodies that revolve around a larger body. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  33. Moons and Other Bodies Asteroids are small, rocky bodies that revolve around the sun = stony or metallic Many asteroids are found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Cite: http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/asteroids-label.jpg Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  34. Moons and Other Bodies Ceres is the largest known asteroid. Cites: http://www.maiaw.com/dimetra/Dabout/Ceres.jpg Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  35. Moons and Other Bodies Meteoroids are like asteroids but smaller. Meteorites are meteoroids that hit the ground. Meteors are the bright streaks of light in the sky. Cite: http://www.lvaas.org/gallery/2001/bus-trip/willamette-meteorite.jpg Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  36. Moons and Other Bodies Stony made of rock material. Metallic made of iron and nickel. Stony-iron made of rocky material with iron and nickel. Open you textbook to page 561 to look some pictures of these types of meteorites. Three Types of Meteorites: Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  37. Moons and Other Bodies Comets are small body of ice, rock and cosmic dust. Comets are also known as “snowy dirtballs”. Cite:http://www.mpe.mpg.de/Pictures/x-comets.jpg Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  38. Moons and Other Bodies Parts of a Comet: • Nucleus is the solid center. • Ion tail is made of electrically charged particles. • Dust tail is dust debris due to the sun’s radiation. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  39. Moons and Other Bodies Comets orbit is elongated. The tail always blows away from the sun due to solar winds. Cite: http://www.lerc.nasa.gov/WWW/ion/past/90s/thumbs/t-borrelly.jpg Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  40. Moons and Other Bodies Animation of a Comet Cite: http://spaceplace.jpl.nasa.gov/en/kids/comet_diagram.gif Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  41. Space Exploration Astronomy Notes Part III Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  42. Space Exploration A rocket is a vehicle or device that contains all the substances needed to burn fuel, and uses escaping gas from the burning of fuel to move. Cite: http://www.colman-egan.k12.sd.us/school/clipart/animation%20by%20students%202000/rocket.gif Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  43. Space Exploration Konstantin Tsiolkovsky(kahn stan teen tsee uhl hahv skee) believed that rockets were the key to space exploration. He is known as the “Father of Rocket Theory” Cite:http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/images/Tsiolkovsky.jpg Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  44. Space Exploration Robert Goddard is considered the “Father of modern rocketry”. He tested numerous rockets between 1915 and 1930. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Cite: http://cyberquebec.ca/spoutnik/goddard.jpg

  45. Space Exploration History: During WWII Germany made V-2 rocket to use as a bomb. Wernher von Braun developed the V-2 rocket but he wasn’t happy that it was used as bomb. At the end of WWII, Wernher von Braun and his team surrendered to the USA. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  46. Space Exploration V-2 Rocket Cite: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/V-2.jpg Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  47. Space Exploration At the end of WWII, the cold war (arms race) began with the Soviet Union. NASA or the National Aeronautics and Space Administration formed as a result to the alarm Americans felt over Soviet advances in space. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Cite: http://cgi.cnn.com/TECH/space/9901/04/space.trio/story.nasa.jpg

  48. Space Exploration Saturn V Cite: http://www.wilhelm-aerospace.org/Photos/spring-break-03/saturn-v-composite.jpg Click for information on the Saturn V. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  49. Space Exploration The Saturn V, developed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center under the direction of Wernher von Braun, was the largest in a family of liquid-propellant rockets that solved the problem of getting to the Moon. In all, 32 Saturns were launched; not one failed. The Saturn V was flight-tested twice without a crew. The first manned Saturn V sent the Apollo 8 astronauts into orbit around the Moon in December 1968. After two more missions to test the lunar landing vehicle, in July 1969 a Saturn V launched the crew of Apollo 11 to the first manned landing on the Moon. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

  50. Space Exploration How does a rocket work? Rockets use Newton’s Third Law of Motion: every action there is an equal reaction in the opposite direction. Turn to page 574 in your textbook to read about how rockets work. Cite: http://www.astro.psu.edu/xray/rockets/launch_animation.gif Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD