Unit 2 Notes: Imperialism (Part 1)

Unit 2 Notes: Imperialism (Part 1)
Students will learn how the US became a major world power, and diplomacy with neighboring countries and abroad.

New Imperialism Many Americans wanted to make the US a world power Imperialism—the economic and political domination of a strong nation over other weaker nations. Reasons for European expansion: More profit for investors in Asia & Africa IMPORTANT: to protect investments Europeans began exercising control there Colonies & protectorates (local rulers stay in control and are protected from invasion, but Europeans controlled the gov’t.)

197. Who were the Rough Riders? Theodore Rooseveltrecruited an eclectic group of volunteers that included cowboys, miners, policemen, and college athletes that became known as the Rough Riders. On July 1, 1898, Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in a charge up San Juan Hill, Cuba. Through a series of daring military exercises, United States troops and the Rough Riders liberated Cuba from Spanish control. Spanish-American War

Imperialism and the United States 1850 – 1933 The Spanish-American War Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders

201. What was the Roosevelt Corollary? Roosevelt’s Corollary – The Big Stick An amendment to the Monroe Doctrine. Review Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt’s Corollary stated that the United States had the right to intervene if a nation in the Western Hemisphere had trouble paying back its foreign creditors. Roosevelt steered the United States more actively into world politics. He liked to quote a favorite proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick..” International police power in the Caribbean and Latin America.

American Imperialism Social Darwinism-US said the strongest nations would survive. Used this as an excuse to take over other weaker nations On step farther…English speaking countries are superior to other nations and should be in control—Anglo-Saxonism Japanese refused to trade with US; believed it would destroy their culture; traded with China & Dutch instead

198. What was the United States foreign policy in the late 1800’s? Imperialism What was imperialism? Imperialism is a policy by which one country takes control of another land or country. Several European countries controlled almost the entire continent of Africa between 1870 and 1914, as well as part of Asia and the Middle East. At the turn of the 20th century, people believed US should acquire overseas colonies to maintain a strong economy. These people were known as Imperialist. Why? Raw materials Gain territory to maintain a global balance of power. Expand their markets to other nations Duty to spread their culture and religion.

The US moves farther west 1852-President Franklin Pierce forced Japan to trade with US Commodore Matthew C. Perry-sent to negotiate a treaty with Japan Treaty led to Japanese industrial revolution Hawaii & “BIG sugar” 1819-missionaries settled there Started sugar-cane plantations and cut tariffs for Hawaii making planters very rich 1887-planters tried to overthrow king of Hawaii 1891-Queen Liliuokalani became queen, tried to gain Hawaiian independence, but was overthrown by the planters

202b. (a) What was the goal of America’s “open-door-policy” with China, (b) the acquisition of Hawaii, and (c) the Spanish-American War? 1850s – US business leaders invested in sugar plantations in the Hawaiian Islands. As time passed, they gained economic control over the island and struggled for power with the Hawaiian monarch. 1893 – Wealthy white plantation owners rebelled against Queen Liliuokalani. With the help of US troops from a nearby ship, plantation owners seized the islands and removed the queen. In 1898, Hawaii became a territory of the United States.

202a. What was the goal of America’s (a)“open-door-policy” with China, (b) the acquisition of Hawaii, and (c) the Spanish-American War? Open Door Policy 1899 – 1900 – United States Secretary of State John Hay promoted an agreement with the nations of Great Britain, Japan, France, Germany, Russia and Italy that kept China open to trade for all nations. This policy is known as the Open Door Policy.

202c.What was the goal of America’s (a) “open-door-policy” with China, (b) the acquisition of Hawaii, and (c) the Spanish-American War? 1890s – The Spanish government in Cuba violated the human rights of its citizens. The New York World and the New York Morning Journal competed against one another by publishing the most sensational stories surrounding the abuses in Cuba. As a result, people of the US sympathized with the plight of the Cubans against Spain. This type of sensational writing was disregard for the truth is known as yellow journalism.

Pan-Americanism US sought to control parts of Latin American (LA) trade (to show their dominance to Europeans) 1889-US invited LA delegates to Washington to discuss how they could work together to increase trade-Pan-Americanism Nations their agreed to build a new trade network in the Western Hemisphere

Modern Navy US had built its military strength and was willing to risk war to protect its overseas interests Alfred T. Mahan-captain who believed the US needed a powerful navy (protect merchant ships and territory). Wrote a book about it. Henry Cabot Lodge-senator who pushed to build a strong navy US would become one of the world’s biggest naval powers

Yellow Journalism 1898-the U.S.S. Maine blew up in the harbor in Havana, Cuba Reasons: a mine blew near the boat, the ship’s ammunition supply blew up, the Spanish did it Jose Marti-immigrant from Cuba who trained soldiers to go back to Cuba and fight in 1895 William Randolph Hearst-published the New York Journal Joseph Pulitzer-published the New York World Both reported the gruesome acts of the Spanish on the Cubans Yellow journalism-name given to this sensationalized writing (some of it was untrue); like present day tabloid news

202c.What was the goal of America’s (a) “open-door-policy” with China, (b) the acquisition of Hawaii, and (c) the Spanish-American War? On February 15, 1898, the U.S.S. Maine, a US battleship, exploded while anchored in Havana harbor. US newspapers blamed Spain and the US prepared for war. On April 25, 1898, Congress adopted a resolution declaring war with Spain. This event was the beginning to the Spanish-American War

Imperialism and the United States 1850 – 1933The Spanish-American War The Philippines When Commodore Dewey heard that the US was at war with Spain, he raced his warships out of Hong Kong and headed straight to the Philippine capital, Manila. Dewey’s warships completely destroyed the Spanish fleet at anchor in Manila. With this victory, and the help of the Philippine people, the US quickly seized all of the Philippines.

Imperialism and the United StatesThe Spanish-American War Meanwhile back in Cuba … While Dewey was destroying the Spanish fleet and taking control in the Philippines, Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt gathered volunteers for an invasion of Cuba. Roosevelt organized his volunteers, called the Rough Riders, for combat in Cuba. Through a series of daring maneuvers, US troops and the Rough Riders liberated Cuba from Spanish control. December 10, 1898 At the signing of the peace treaty, a defeated Spain… Relinquished (handed over) control of Cuba Forced to sell the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the United States United States became a world power.

American empire After the war… Treaty of Paris (Dec. 10, 1898)- agreement between Spain and US Cuba obtained its freedom The US annexed Guam and Puerto Rico The US kept the Philippines for military reasons Emilio Aguinaldo- did not like Americans in Philippines and attacked US troops there, but was defeated (Philippines gained independence in 1946)

Latin Control To decrease conflict… Philippines: US built railroads, telegraph lines, public schools, created new health care policies, and helped eliminate certain diseases Puerto Rico: made citizens of the US in 1917, allowed to elect their own governor in 1947 Cuba: most Americans did not support giving Cuba its own government, president McKinley allowed Cuba’s new government with conditions

Platt amendment Platt Amendment: no treaties with other countries that weakened its independence, no foreign powers could occupy Cuba, US Naval stations were built in Cuba, keep debt low, US could intervene to protect Cuban Independence Cubans opposed Platt and became a protectorate of the US

Yellow journalist activity Your mission: Become a reporter of the NY Journal Newspaper and report a story! Make an eye-catching title! Use your imagination, Create a “pen name” Add a small (cartoon-like) picture if you like Add whatever exaggerated details you like Include an exaggerated result to the problem Write a sensationalized news story of the following headline: HEADLINE: “Today a young EHS couple got into trouble for selling candy to classmates during the graduation exam, and it led to a confrontation!”

Unit 2 Notes Guide AssignmentDirections: Use your textbook to answer the following questions and identify the people. Quiz Tomorrow (Open Notes!) List 4 ways Roosevelt helped to make the U.S. a world power. President McKinley William Jennings Bryan Theodore Roosevelt Leon Czolgosz What event made Roosevelt president? China vs. Japan (1894)-WHAT HAPPENED???

LIST 4 Ways Roosevelt helped create a world power: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Theodore Roosevelt’s rise to power: McKinley won the election of 1900 easily with Roosevelt as his vice-president McKinley was assassinated by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist who opposed government Roosevelt (age 42) became the young president in US history Roosevelt was born in NY to a wealthy family and was often sick growing up He was an energetic president He was a marksman, rode horses, boxed, and wrestled

American diplomacy in asia

UNIT 2 NOTESTRIVIA REVIEW GAMEANSWER BANK: Imperialism Teddy Roosevelt Rough Riders Cuba Puerto Rica Spain Philippines Roosevelt Corollary Alfred T. Mahan Anglo-Saxonism Social-Darwinism Treaty of Paris U.S.S. Maine Yellow journalism Japan China Hawaii Matthew C. Perry Queen Liliuokalani Sugar Wealthy planters Open Door Policy Pan-Americanism Commodore Dewey Platt Amendment Jose Marti William Randolph Hearst Joseph Pulitzer Dollar Diplomacy Presdient McKinley William Jennings Bryan Theodore Roosevelt Leon Czolgosz Great White Fleet Hay-Pauncefote Treaty Dollar diplomacy John Hay Enrique Dupuy de Lome Josiah Strong Boxer Rebellion Henry Cabot Lodge

Chapter 18-1 Notes List(see pp. 546-553) Progressivism Muckrackers Jacob Riis Commission plan Robert La Follette Direct primary Initiative Referendum Recall Suffrage Alice Paul Temperance Prohibition Socialism Progressive Reforms: Government efficiency (1) Extended democracy (2) Social Problems (5) Big Business (2)

Unit 4 Notes, Quiz #4(Write the correct letter!) 1. The _______ called for the moderation or elimination of alcohol 2. Governor of Wisconsin; opposed political conventions & pushed for direct primaries in each state 3. Right to vote 4. New idea, a _________ or city mgr. system of government, where people with background would hire qualified people to run the city dept 5. Journalists who expressed Progressive ideas 6. A reform that allowed proposed legislation to be submitted to the voters for approval 7. American history from about 1890-1920; it’s a collection of views about how to fix the nation’s problems 8. He exposed the poverty & disease in NYC 9. Government owns and operates industry for the community as a whole 10. (1848)—location of first women’s rights convention Progressive Era Suffrage Socialism referendum Reform plan commission plan Robert La Follette Seneca Falls Brooklyn Temperance movement Muckrackers Jacob Riis

Progressive Reforms: Government efficiency (1) ________________ Extended democracy (2) ________________ ________________ Social Problems (5) ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ Big Business (2) ________________ ________________

The Rise of Progressivism Progressive Era—American history from about 1890-1920 It was not a single political movement It’s a collection of views about how to fix the nation’s problems Source of problems… Many thought industrialization and urbanization caused many social problems Both parties had progressive ideas urban middle-class Americans Journalists, educators, and politicians How to fix the problems: APPLY SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES TO SOCIETY

Muckrakers Journalists who expressed Progressive ideas Investigated social conditions and political corruption: Ida Tarbell—practices of the Standard Oil Co. Lincoln Steffens—vote stealing and grafts of political machines Jacob Riis—poverty & disease in NYC

Making Government Efficient They applied successful business models to government—scientific management Unqualified Party bosses typically ran the city departments (police, water, power, sewage) New idea—a commission plan—(or city mgr. system of government) people with background in it would hire qualified people to run the dept.

Democracy and progressivism Some progressives thought society needed more democracy and should listen more to the voters Robert La Follette—governor of Wisconsin; opposed political conventions & pushed for direct primaries in each state 3 other political reforms were introduced: Initiative allowed a group of citizens to introduce laws and require legislature to vote on them Referendum allowed proposed laws to be submitted to the voters for approval Recall allowed voters to demand a special election official from office before his or her term had expired

Suffrage movement Seneca Falls, NY (1848)—first women’s rights convention Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lecretia Mott Key issues: women’s voting (suffrage) rights

Amendments and reform 14th & 15th Amendments: protected African-Americans’ right to vote. Some suffragists wanted women's’ voting rights included National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Alice Paul—headed NAWSA’s congressional committee, organized a march on Washington; everyone did not agree with this and Paul left to for the National Women’s Party Carrie Chapman Catt—became NAWSA’s leader in 1915; supported Wilson in 1916 election 19th Amendment—women’s right to vote (1920)

Social welfare progressivism Solving social problems: Child labor—in 1900 1.7 million kids under age 16 worked outside home (coal mines); many states set age and work hour limits Adult conditions—progressives pushed for laws to compensate deaths and serious on jobs Zoning laws—building codes set minimum requirements for air, fir escapes, room sizes, and sanitation in tenements. Health codes for restaurants changed, also temperance movement—called for the moderation or elimination of alcohol Prohibition movement—mostly women; first worked to reduced alcohol consumption, then banning it all together

Progressives vs. BIG business Too much wealth was owned by too few people Wanted to eliminate trusts and holding companies Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890)—break up large corporations and restore competition Interstate Commerce Commission (1887)--focused on stopping BIG businesses from abusing their power Socialism—government owns and operates industry for the community as a whole (railroads & utilities); Eugene Debs—famous socialist; most Americans believed in the free enterprise system

UNIT 2 NOTES: IMPORTANT TERMS Progressivism Muckrackers Jacob Riis Commission plan Robert La Follette Direct primary Initiative Referendum Recall Suffrage Alice Paul Temperance Prohibition Socialism NAWSA Seneca Falls 14th Amendment 19th Amendment Federal Farm Loan Act Square Deal Large corporations “Trustbuster” United Mine Workers Arbitration Theodore Roosevelt Department of Commerce Bureau of Corporations Hepburn Act Interstate Commerce Commission Upton Sinclair Meat Inspection Act Pure Food & Drug Act The Jungle Newlands Reclamation Act Gifford Pinchot William H. Taft Joseph G. Cannon W.E.B. Debois Payne-Aldrich Tariff Richard A. Ballinger Syndicate Insubordination Children’s Bureau Bureau of Mines Progressive Party New Nationalism New Freedom Keating-Owen Child Labor Act Underwood Tariff Income tax Federal Reserve Act Federal Trade Commission Unfair trade practices NAACP Adamson Act

Unit 2 Vocabulary Terms Imperialism Protectorate Yellow journalism Jingoism Sphere of influence Open door policy Dollar diplomacy Progressivism Muckracker Commision plan Direct primary Initiative Referendum Recall Suffrage Temperance Prohibition Socialism Square Deal arbitration Syndicate Insubordination Income tax Unfair trade practices Guerrilla Nationalism Self-determination Propoganda Contraband U-boat Conscription Victory garden Espionage Convoy Armistice Reperations Cost of living General strike deport

The US enters WWI (19-1)
Today you will learn about American intervention in Mexico and the Caribbean, and what caused the USA to enter WWI.

Start-up Question… Answer the following question in your NOTES FOLDER: Do you think the US should ever become involved in conflicts between foreign nations? Why or why not?

Causes for European conflict (1914) Causes: 1. 2. 3. Effect: Conflicts develop among European nations.

207a-f. What were some causes of World War I? What were some causes for US entering into the war? World War I, also known as the First World War, and (before 1939) the Great War, the War of the Nations, and the War to End All Wars, was a world conflict lasting from August 1914to the final Armistice (cessation of hostilities) on November 11, 1918. Nationalism Imperialism Military Expansion Alliances Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

207b. Long-Term Causes of World War I(1914 – 1918) 1.NATIONALISM – belief in national unity and racial supremacy France 1800s – Napoleon conquered much of Europe Germany (1861) Small city-states of central Europe became the nation of Germany - believed it had the right to establish an empire Italian government believed in improving the economy through conquest Netherlands formed its own nation called Belgium In time, each nation believed its culture was superior and so deserved the right to conquer other peoples. Which led to …. Social Darwinism Darwin’s idea of “survival of the fittest” in the animal kingdom led many to believe the same held true for humans. The idea that only the strongest people are meant to rule.

Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy Wilson: opposed imperialism & promoted democracy. He made many diplomatic mistakes with Latin neighbors Problems in Mexico: Wilson wanted dictator Porfirio Diaz gone because he was corrupt and ran an oligarchy (power in the hands of a few)-people revolted and Diaz fled Francisco Maderno who replaced Diaz was assassinated by his general Wilson General Huerta gone because of he believed he was corrupt, also. Wilson armed Mexicans hoping they would overthrow the Huerta’s government Many Mexicans hated US actions and began to riot on US cities Pancho Villa led a group of guerillas (armed soldiers who fight with surprise attacks) into Columbus, NM and killed many American citizens. He was never found.

My country is better than yours... Nationalism-an intense pride in one's homeland (dominated Europe at this time) Each nation viewed every other nation as competition and a threat Many people were ready to go to war Self-determination-idea that people who belong to a nation should have their own country and government

How did WWI begin? The German province of Prussia picks a fight with France and takes part of their territory along the German border Germany fears payback by France and signs an alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy- A.K.A. THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE Russians (enemy of Germans and Hungarians) signs alliance with France Germany and Great Britain begin to compete and build their navies (1898) Great Britain joins France and Russia creating the TRIPLE ENTENTE Various ethnic groups (Serbians, Bosnians, Croats, and Slovenes) in and around Russia begin fighting amongst one another (nationalism and self-determination)

How did WWI begin? Serbians in Austria-Hungary were angry because they believed their independence and self-determination in A-H was being fought So when the Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the throne of A-H) visited one of these hostile areas, he and his wife were assassinated Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and wanted to attach them, but did not because of it's alliance with Russia The Austrians asked the Germans for help, and the Serbians asked the Russians (who counted on the French to fight with them) On July 28, 1914, Austria declared war on SerbiaA few days later Germany declared war on Russia and then on France World War I had begun (Whew...that was allot)

207e. Long-Term Causes of World War I(1914 – 1918) ALLIANCES – In 1882, the European powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed an agreement of mutual protection called the Triple Alliance. If one country was attacked, all three countries would fight.

207f. Long-Term Causes of World War I(1914 – 1918) ALLIANCES – The Triple Alliance threatened all other powerful nations of Europe, so the countries of Great Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente These competing alliances in Europe set the stage for conflict.

207g. Long-Term Causes of World War I(1914 – 1918) 5. On June 28, 1914, Archduke Ferdinand (heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary) was visiting one of his provinces, Bosnia. Serbian nationalist who wanted Bosnia to be part of Serbia Shot the Archduke and his wife while they were riding in a car. Austria-Hungary accused Serbia of plotting to kill the Archduke and threatened war. Russia, which was allied with Serbia, threatened war with Austria-Hungary.

Start of World War I Review – Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Review – Triple Entente – Great Britain, France, and Russia Germany supported Austria-Hungary, and France mobilized its forces to help Russian. By Aug. 3, Germany and Austria-Hungary were at war with France and Russia.

Pick a Side Allies:France, Russia, Great Britain, and Italy (triple entente)Central Powers:Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria (Central Powers)Neutral Players:Belgium

The fighting begins... German troops advanced to France Russian invaded Germany on it's back side Germany had to pull back from France to stop the Russians Battle of the Marne-Allies take advantage of the attack on both sides and advance against Germany-both side became locked in a stalemate (stuck, a stand-off, no movement) Germans and Austrians swept across hundreds of miles of Russian territory and took hundreds of thousands of prisoners

American Neutrality President Wilson declared America neutral at the beginning of the war Most Americans and big businesses favored the Allies, and so did most of Wilson's cabinet (mostly for financial and power reasons) What do you think Teddy would have done?An allied victory was necessary to keep the balance of power Propaganda-information designed to influence opinion (this is how Britain won American support) American banks began to loan money to he Allies-if they won the money would be repaid, if they lost, the money would be lost

208a. Who did United States fight in World War I? To protect US commercial investments overseas, President Wilson on August 4, 1914, officially proclaimed the US a neutral country. The American government protested the actions of both sides and tried to act as peacemaker. But that changed when American interests were threatened.

How did America get involved in WWI? British navy created a blockade on Germany contraband (prohibited material) Germany used U-boats (submarines) get around the blockades February 1915-Germany says it will sink ANY ship without warning found around Britain-Americans grew angry Germans believe the civilian boats were war ships in disguiseMay 1915-German U-boats sink the Lisitania killing nearly 1200 people (128 Americans) Sussex Pledge-Germans promised not to sink any more ships without warning (they wanted to keep the US out of the war) Zimmerman telegram-Germans promised to give Mexico back territory it lost to the US in return for it's alliance with the German and the Central Powers This note was intercepted by the British and leaked to US newspapers Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917The US was now in WWI

The sinking of the Lusitania The US sold military goods to the Triple Entente, especially Britain. The Germans warned all nations that they would attack any ships entering or leaving British ports. President Wilson ignored the warning and continued commercial and military trade with Great Britain. Without the knowledge of passengers, the United States had been secretly shipping military supplies to Great Britain on cruise liners. On May 7, 1915, a German submarine torpedoed the Lusitania off the coast of Ireland.

(2) Zimmerman Telegram US intercepted a secret telegram between the German foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman , and his official in Mexico. Germanywanted to pursue Mexico to attack US if US declared war on Germany. Germany promised land taken in the Mexican-American War would be returned to Mexico.

209. List 4 Events that Caused the US to enter World War I From the beginning, the US did not want to go to war in Europe. Officially, the US was neutral. Four events caused the US to enter: The sinking of the Lusitania The Zimmerman Telegram German Aggression at Sea The Russian Revolution

Moving toward war & Propaganda
http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=231291

Unit 2 Pop quiz (15 questions)WORDBANK Espionage Armistice Imperialism U-boat Central Powers Archduke Franz Ferdinand Woodrow Wilson Mexico Nationalism Self-determination Serbia Austria-Hungary Neutrality Open door policy Income tax Direct primary Propaganda Allied Powers Lusitania Belgium France Convoy Zimmerman Telegram Germany Russian letter

Life on the ‘Home Front’& Trench warfare

Unit 2 Vocabulary Terms Imperialism Protectorate Yellow journalism Jingoism Sphere of influence Open door policy Dollar diplomacy Progressivism Muckracker Commision plan Direct primary Initiative Referendum Recall Suffrage Temperance Prohibition Socialism Square Deal arbitration Syndicate Insubordination Income tax Unfair trade practices Guerrilla Nationalism Self-determination Propoganda Contraband U-boat Conscription Victory garden Espionage Convoy Armistice Reperations Cost of living General strike deport

Unit 2 Notes (19-2)
Today you will learn how the US prepared for WWI on the “Home Front.”

Food for thought…What does freedom of speech mean to YOU? Do you think people should be allowed to say whatever they want whenever they want to? Explain your opinion.

Who are the spies? Investigation in the city on Enterprise, October 1914Three evil spies have infiltrated this quiet town of Enterprise?Will we find them?3 spies in the roomCards have info leading to their capture.2 investigators1 newspaper reporterOur investigators from the Espionage Agency have 10 minutes to find our spies...can they do it? CITIZEN INTERVIEW QUESTIONS Each person has to come up with: First and last name A nationality (country you are originally from, not the USA) A job Form of government you agree with: democracy, communism, socialism A public club or organization you belong to(If you are the spy, give subtle clues in your interview answers that it's you without giving it all away, OR YOU CAN KEEP US GUESSING:)

Building up the military When the US entered the war, it did not have enough soldiers even though they have many volunteerConscription-forced military service...progressives disagreed with it, law-makers thought it was necessaryA Selective Service lottery was used2.8 million men were drafted

211. What was the purpose of the Selective Service Act? When the United States entered WWI, the forces had only 120,000 enlisted men and 80,000 National Guardsmen. In May 1917 Congress passed a Selective Service Act, authorizing a draft of young men for military service. By November 1918 more than 24 million men had registered for the draft. From those, a lottery picked 3 million draftees to serve in the war. Volunteers and National Guardsmen made up the remainder of what was called the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

African-Americans 42000 of the 400000 African-Americans drafted served in the war overseasThey faced discrimination and prejudice in the armyThey served in racially segregated units led by white officerDespite this, many black soldiers fought with distinction in the war

Women of WWI Served in the armed forces for first time in WWI (non-combat positions)Jobs:Nurses in the army and navyClerical workers, radio operators, electricians, torpedo assemblers, and other occupationsArmy- refused to enlist women (only nurses served in the army)Key figure-"Rosie the Riveter"

Organizing industry War Industries Board (WIB):Led by Bernard Baruchcoordinate the production of war materialsWorked with business leadersTold industries what they could and could not make

Food Administration: Responsible for increasing the amount of food for the armed forces, while decreasing amt of food available to civilians"Wheat less Mondays" or "Meatless Tuesdays"Victory gardens

Fuel Administration: Managed use of coal and oilDaylight savings time introduced for first time (saved energy)Shortened work weeks for factories not making war materials

212. What were Liberty Bonds? During WWI, the government launched a vigorous campaign to raise money from the American people. It started offering Liberty Bonds, special war bonds sold to support the Allied cause. Like all bonds, they could later be redeemed for the original value of the bonds plus interest. By selling war bonds, the government raised more than $20 billion. Responding to the slogan “Every Scout to Save a Soldier”, Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts set booths on street corners and sold bonds.

Raising money: Congress raised income tax ratesLiberty Bonds & Victory Bonds-government borrowed money from American people...in return they would pay money back in a number of years

Mobilizing the workforce National War Labor Board (NWLB):Formed to prevent workers from strikingMediated labor disputes (avoided strikes)Gave 8-hr work day, increased wages, & organized unionsLabor leaders agreed not to disrupt production in returnWomen took jobs worked by male, but were told to give them up and go back into the home after the war

Ensuring public support Controlling the mediaCommittee on Public Information (CPI):government wanted to make sure the public supported the warGeorge Creel-head of the agencyHired advertisers, entertainers, songwriters, singers, and other to sway public opinion in favor of the warCPI Arranged for public talks at theaters and public gatherings"Four Minute Men"-speakers who encouraged support for the war

Great Migration: the growth of industry in the north led to increased opportunities for black who moved to big cities for new opportunityThe GM changed the racial make-up of Chicago, NY, Cleveland, and Detroit Many Mexican also migrated to many of these cities but faced discrimination. They often formed their own communities to support each other

Espionage The Espionage Act of 1917: (The end of free speech) Created to fight against anti-war activitiesSpied and acquired secret government informationThe Sedition Act of 1918- made illegal any public expression of opposition to the warRacial Profiling-German-AmericansNo German in schools, no German music in bands and orchestrasNewspapers urged people to report suspicious behavior and people thought to be spiesSchenck v. the United States-the Supreme Court ruled that a person's freedom of speech could be curbed if the speech presented a dangerResult: many things that could be said in peace time could be considered dangerous during warAre the freedoms we brag about and have so much pride in all a lie? What do you think?

WWI: A Bloody Conflict (19-3)

What were some of the battle tactics and new weapons during World War I? Airplane – Used primarily for scouting and reconnaissance. By the end of the war, countries equipped planes with machine guns. Submarines – called U-boatsused by Germans. Tanks – introduced in WWI. It was designed to cross rough terrain and trenches while remaining impenetrable to enemy fire.

Soldiers - victims of a poison gas attack What were some of the battle tactics and new weapons during World War I? (6 examples) Trench Warfare – Each side’s army lived in the trenches, which were usually infested with rats. Machine Guns – Were used to shoot massive amounts of ammunition at he enemy in a short amount of time, increasing the chance of hitting the enemy. Poison Gas – First used by Germans, poison mustard gas killed or wounded soldiers immediately. The gas would instantly engulf soldiers and break down the internal organs when they inhaled the fumes. Often, the gas destroyed the soldiers’ lungs, causing them to fill with fluid. Effects include: blistering skin, vomiting, sore eyes, internal and external bleeding. Death can take up to 5 weeks.

Trench Warfare And Mustard Gas Great care had to be exercised in shaving. Because of the germ infested ground, the slightest cut usually resulted in serious infection. SHAVE, WASH, AND GET THE MUSTARD GAS OFF This gas was difficult to detect because it was practically odorless and invisible, and the concentration of only 1 to 100,000 was sufficient to put a man out of commission. Its effect was cumulative, lasting over a long period. Horses, as well as men, had to be washed whenever water and time were both available. MUSTARD GAS SEEMED TO BE EVERYWHERE

Trench warfarepaper war!!!

Review your Unit 2 vocabulary notes quietly. Your test will start in 5 minutes!!!

The War’s Impact (19-4)
The Treaty that ended the war and its effect on the Unites States.

What do you think of when you hear the word ‘Communist?’ what countries today have a communist government? How do Americans today feel about Communism?

What was the treaty that ended World War I called? Treaty of Versailles Germany signed an unconditional armistice (truce) on November 11, 1918. Treaty of Versailles(1919) – Germans reluctantly agreed that the war was entirely their fault. Treaty called for Germany to pay war reparations or costs to the victorious nations for its part in starting the war. Germany repaid debt in yearly installments Germany lost all of its overseas colonies and part of its land in Europe.

What were some results of World War I? Map of Europe is redrawn League of Nations is formed United States economy is boosted United States suffered post-war disillusionment http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=677710&SearchText=red+scare&lid=8461337

214b. What were some results of World War I? Map of Europe is redrawn European nations created by WWI: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary.

What were some results of World War I? 2. League of Nations is formed To ensure that there would never be another world war, President Woodrow Wilson promoted the League of Nations. A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. The people of the US and Congress believed strongly in a policy of isolationism – meaning that the people felt it best to stay out of international conflicts and events. Withoutthe power of theUnited States the League was powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

What were some results of World War I? 3. United States economy is boosted The US was now the world’s largest creditor nation. In 1922 a Senate debt commission calculated that European countries owed the US $11.5 billion. 4. United States suffered post-war disillusionment The realities of trench warfare, death, and destruction hit many people very hard. Soldiers returned home to a hero’s welcome. When they went to find jobs, however, the reception was different.

What were some results of World War I? European nations looked forward to the future and did not want to remember the war. War reparations were considered a humiliation to the German people. Adolf Hitler, German dictator, rose to power and used this bitternessto reclaim the achievements of Germany’s past.

What led to immigration restriction in the US in the 1920s? Emergency Quota Act – During the 1920’s, the Nativists (people who were afraid of foreigners entering the US), coupled with the growth of the political powerof the Ku Klux Klan, led Congressto almost completely restrict immigrationto the US from Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, and Asia. Emergency Quota Act - Set up a quota system favoring Northern Europe for immigration. The US government gave special status to immigrants from northern Europe and Britain because of their generally lighter complexions and Protestant beliefs.

What issues led to Americans to blame their problems on immigrants & communism? Cost of living increased… inflation & not enough jobs or wages General strike—involves all workers living in a particular location, not just workers from a certain industry Seattle strike (shipyard workers) Boston strike (police officers) US Steel strike (steel workers) Racial unrest The ‘Red Scare’

217. What does “Red Scare” mean? Red Scare – intense fear of communism. Communists believed in government ownership of all wealth. Americans were terrified that a communistrevolution could break out in the United States. They feared that their money and wealth would be taken away as well as the violence that would come with such a revolution. Communists were blamed for strikes, terrorist bombings like Haymarket Square, and race riots. Even though communists were never really much of a threat, American's fear mushroomed into a kind of national panic known as the Red Scare. Americans saw Europe as a breeding ground for socialism and communism and as a result blamed immigrants, who were most always from Europe. The Red Scare reached a peak in 1920 when the federal government jailedthousands of aliens suspected of being communists. President Woodrow Wilson's Attorney General, A Mitchell Palmer launched a series of Justice Department raids against the headquarters of radical groups in 33 cities. In these Palmer Raids over 3,000 people were denied due process rights like reasonable bail, the right to a defense lawyer and jury trials. Over 550 aliens among them were eventually deported.

Who were “Sacco and Vanzetti” (1920)? Xenophobia is the irrational fear of foreigners and the 1920's saw plenty of irrational fear and irrational actions. The story began on April 15, 1920, when gunmen robbed and killed the guard and paymaster of a shoe factory in Massachusetts. A few weeks later, police arrested two Italian immigrants in connection with the crime. Nicola Sacco, a shoemaker, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a fish peddler, were both carrying guns at the time of the arrest. One of the guns was the same model used in the crime. Both were atheists (those who profess no belief in God) and anarchists (people who do not believe in any form of government).

Who were “Sacco and Vanzetti” (1920)? Neither man spoke English very well and a translator was not provided for them. Sacco and Vanzetti were found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. Many felt they did not get a fair trial. Later, a gangster, already sentenced to die, confessed to the killings, but the court refused to grant a another trial based on this new evidence. All over the world, people protested. Both men continued to swear they were innocent right up to the end. Sacco and Vanzetti were executed on April 23, 1927

The two were anarchists, and while maintaining their innocence, insisted that they werebeing prosecuted for their political beliefs. After a trial marred by questionable evidence and judicial procedures, Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted and sentenced to death. For a broad spectrum of people around the world, Sacco and Vanzetti’s case came to symbolize government injustice. Crowds gathered around the world to protest on August 23, 1927, when the two were executed, and thousands of mourners followed behind their funeral carriages, as shown in this photograph.

Unit 2 Notes: Imperialism (Part 1)