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Unit 3 Part 2: Age of Imperialism. 7-3.5 Analyze the ways that industrialization contributed to imperialism in India, Japan, China, and African regions, including the need for new markets and raw materials, the Open Door Policy, and the Berlin Conference of 1884.
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Unit 3 Part 2: Age of Imperialism 7-3.5 Analyze the ways that industrialization contributed to imperialism in India, Japan, China, and African regions, including the need for new markets and raw materials, the Open Door Policy, and the Berlin Conference of 1884. 7-3.6 Explain reactions to imperialism that resulted from growing nationalism, including the Zulu wars, the Sepoy Rebellion, the Opium Wars, the Boxer Rebellion, and the Meiji Restoration. 7-3.7 Explain the causes and effects of the Spanish-American War as a reflection of American imperialist interests, including acquisitions, military occupations, and status as an emerging world power.
Imperialism • Imperialism: Where one nations extends its control to the government and economy of another nation. • The main economic origin of Imperialism was Industrialization, or relying on machine power (Meaning: The reason Imperialism occurred is because countries needed money and raw materials to keep their industries going.). • Industrialized nations were very wealthy and non-industrialized nations were very poor.
Why were colonies needed? • Industrialized nations wanted colonies for 2 reasons: • Industrialized nations needed raw materials to make goods. • Industrialized nations needed markets for finished products (places to sell their goods to). • European nations, the United States, and Japan were the main imperial powers. • Nations in Asia and Africa were the main areas that were colonized.
Competition • The race for colonies created competition among European nations. • This caused more nationalism (pride in one’s country/desire for self-rule). • Nations in the Western Hemisphere believed they were superior to other nations. • They believed in Social Darwinism, or the idea that only the strong nations will survive. • People in powerful nations believed it was their duty to take their culture to other nations.
India • In Asia, India became the “jewel of the crown” for Great Britain. • The British East India Company set up trading posts along the coast of India. • Great Britain took advantage of India’s raw materials and forced Indians to purchase British goods. This hurt the Indian cloth industry.
Japan • The government of Japan reopened trade with the Western World after the United States threatened to attack Tokyo. • Commodore Matthew Perry of the US Navy was sent with warships to the coast of Japan with a treaty that the Japanese government was forced to sign if they didn’t want to be attacked.
European industrialized nations began traveling to Japan and using them as a market for goods. • The Japanese government decided to industrialize quickly during a time called the Meiji Restoration. • The reason for Japanese industrialization was to avoid being imperialized (taken over)
China • China was forced to open trade by industrial powers. • China lost the Opium Wars to Britain and was forced to sign a treaty allowing Britain to begin trading and setting up markets in China. • Other industrial nations from Europe, as well as the US and Japan, wanted access to China.
European nations began carving up China into spheres of influences, where they controlled special trading and economic rights in their designated sections. • The United States created the Open Door Policy, which stated that China should be open to all nations rather than just one or a few nations having control.
Africa • European nations began exploring and then taking over land in Africa to get more raw materials that were needed for industrialization. • Belgium was the first European country that gained control over a part of Africa known as the Congo. • After this, other European countries were trying to colonize other areas in Africa.
In 1884 and 1885, the Berlin Conference was held to set rules for the division of Africa. • Fourteen European countries met, with no representatives from Africa, to divide the continent with no concern over language or tribal boundaries. • Europe had advanced technology and easily dominated these African nations. • Only Liberia and Ethiopia were free until 1914. • European nations fought over control of certain territories.
Zulu War • The Dutch (people from the Netherlands), British, and African people all wanted the land and resources of South Africa. • In the early 1800s, Shaka Zulu of the Zulu kingdom created a government. • The Boers, or Dutch settlers, began taking over the lands of the Zulus. • Shaka Zulu led the South Africans in attacks against the Boers.
After Shaka Zulu died, his successors could not continue his strong rule. • Britain began attempting to take over the area. • In the 1880s, the Zulu War was fought between the British and the Zulus as the Zulus tried to keep control of their land. • The Zulu nation did not have good weapons like the British, so the Zulu nation became part of the British empire.
Sepoy Rebellion • The British East India Company dominated India after the decline of the Mughal Empire that once ruled there. • The company hired sepoys, or Indian soldiers, to protect British trading interests. • India was very important to Britain and it supplied the British with raw materials for their factories. • Indians became more and more angry over British control of their country.
Britain did do a few good things for Indians, such as building railroads, modern communication systems, and schools. However, they took away parts of India’s culture. • In 1857, there was a rumor that new gun cartridges given to the sepoys were greased with beef and pork fat. • Hindus and Muslims could not eat cows or pigs because it was against their religions. (The ends of the cartridges had to be bitten off in order to be used.)
The Hindu and Muslim sepoys led a rebellion called the Sepoy Rebellion against the British. • It took one year for Britain to stop the rebellion, and after this the British government took full control over India.
Rebellions in China • China was not interested in buying goods from industrial nations since they made most of their own goods. • Britain wanted to open trade with China and found that the Chinese would willingly buy opium, a drug. • China’s government tried to stop the opium trade, and Britain sent in troops to reopen the opium trade. (Opium War) • China lost the Opium War.
China also had a rebellion within their own nation called the Taiping rebellion, which was trying to create a nation in which no one would live in poverty. • European nations, Japan, and the US used these problems to try to take advantage of China. • Because of all of these nations coming into China, a group rose up known as the Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Europeans called them the Boxers).
The Boxers used martial arts to try to remove foreigners from China. • They killed many foreigners and Chinese Christians. • Eight nations had to step in and take down the Boxer Rebellion (a rebellion against foreign influences in China). • The Chinese government had to pay the nations involved for damages done by the Boxers and the eight countries could keep their spheres of influences. • This rebellion failed, but it led to more nationalism and the need for change in China.
Meiji Restoration • The Meiji Restoration was a response to Japanese nationalism and the desire to protect Japan against foreigners. • The Japanese government responded to attempts to forced trade by making its economy and military like other Western powers. • In 1868, the Japanese emperor became known as the Meiji which means “enlightened rule.”
The Meiji government sent representatives to study in Europe and the United States. • Japan quickly industrialized and began to take over other nations. • In 1894, Japan went to war with China to gain control of trade in Korea. • Japan needed raw materials and markets since they were a small nation. • China had controlled Korea for a while, but were quickly defeated in the Sino-Japanese War.
In 1904, Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War. • Russia wanted to trade with Korea, but Japan wouldn’t let them. • Russia sent their navy to Korea and the Japanese navy destroyed most of Russia’s fleet. • The Meiji Restoration made Japan a world power similar to European nations and the United States.
Cuba and the Spanish-American War • In 1823, US President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine, which stated the Americas were off limits to further European colonization. • In 1868, Cuba declared their independence from Spain and fought against Spain unsuccessfully for ten years. • In the 1890s, the US wanted to begin trade with Cuba.
In 1895, Cuba tried again for independence. • In 1898, the Spanish-American War began when the US assisted Cuba in their fight for independence. • The US sent the USS Maine into Havana Harbor to protect its interests. • The Maine exploded, and Americans blamed a Spanish mine. • American newspapers made this worse when they printed exaggerated headlines.
The war lasted for four months. • The US also attacked the Philippines, which made the war a two-front (two-ocean) war. • After defeating the Spanish, the US gained the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. • The US wouldn’t recognize Cuban independence and set up a military government in the country. • Guantanamo Bay became a US naval base. • The US didn’t grant independence to the Philippines either.
The result of the Spanish-American War was an increase in US imperialistic desires. • In 1904, President Teddy Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary, which declared the US as an international police power in the Western Hemisphere that could also intervene in Latin America. • To show off our power, Roosevelt sent the US Navy, or Great White Fleet on a world tour.
The US also helped Panama rebel against Colombia for independence. • When Panama won, the US built the Panama Canal to shorten the trade route between the east and west coasts. • The US continued to intervene in Latin American countries, and winning this war made the US known as a world power.
