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Discovering Cell Organelles: Functions and Evolutionary Insights

Explore the fascinating world of cell organelles - from the nucleus to mitochondria and chloroplasts. Learn how these structures function within cells and delve into the Endosymbiotic Theory explaining their evolutionary origins. Discover the evidence supporting this theory and its implications on modern eukaryotic cells. Unravel the intricate roles of organelles in cellular processes.

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Discovering Cell Organelles: Functions and Evolutionary Insights

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  1. UNIT 2 NOTES:ORGANELLES

  2. (1) Nucleus • Stores DNA / Chromosomes • Covered in Nuclear Envelope • Nucleolus makes ribosomes • “Controls” cell

  3. (2) Endoplasmic Reticulum • Lipid production + assembly • Protein assembly • Lipid + Protein export

  4. (3) Ribosome • Protein production • Works with DNA andRNA

  5. (4) Golgi Body / Apparatus • Modify, Sort & Package Proteins • Take materials made in endoplasmic reticulum Package to be shipped to other areas of the cell, or to be secreted out of the cell!

  6. (5) Mitochondrion • Convert chemical energy stored in food, into ATP. • Undergo Cellular Respiration.

  7. (6) Chloroplast • Convert light energy from the sun, into stored energy in food. • Undergo photosynthesis.

  8. (7) Lysosome • Filled with enzymes (Lysozyme) that digest/break down lipids, carbs, proteins and other molecules into smaller forms. • Digest “useless” cell parts.

  9. (8) Peroxisome • Contain catalase (enzyme) • Break down hydrogen peroxide. • H.Peroxide is produced during lipid metabolism.

  10. (9) Centriole / Centrosome • Centriolesare unique to animal cells. • Centrioles organize DNA during replication + division. • Centrosomes produce microtubules like centrioles. • Centrosomes also help w/division in plant cells.

  11. Vacuole • Storage sac for materials like water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates. • Plants use them to maintain structure.

  12. (11) Cell Membrane • Outer covering on all cells. • Made of a phospholipidbilayer. • Controls what enters + leaves the cell.

  13. (12) Cell Wall • More structured outer covering on some cells. • Often made of cellulose. • Provides additional structure + rigidity to cells.

  14. PLANT VS. ANIMAL CELLS

  15. EndosymbioticTheory

  16. (1) Endosymbiotic Theory • Modern eukaryotic cells evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells living symbiotically with larger unicellular organisms. • Symbiotically?? • The cells lived and worked together because they benefited from the relationship.

  17. (2) Summarizing the Theory • Chloroplasts + Mitochondria were once free-living bacterial cells (prokaryotes). • The chloroplasts + mitochondria benefited from living with larger prokaryotes. • The larger prokaryotes took the chloroplasts + mitochondria inside their cell. • TA-DA!  The Modern Day Eukaryotic Cell

  18. (3) Evidence for the Theory • Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, …. • Have their own fully developed cell membranes. • Have their own copy of DNA. • Can replicate themselves, all on their own. • They have their own ribosomes. • They produce their own proteins. • They can exist/survive on their own w/o a larger cell.

  19. (4) Other Examples Like This… • Bobtailed Squid + Glowing Bacteria • Aphids + Digestive Bacteria • Spotted Salamander + Algae

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