The period of recording and Imams (250 years) Golden period of legislation

1. The period of recording and Imams (250 years) • Golden period of legislation • 1- Expansion of Islam New issues • 2- The legislators found a legacy and • so many precedents to work with • 3- Demand of the Ummah to know that • they live an Islamic life • 4- The appearance of great talents’ and geniuses

2. What is new • Quran • Memorization • Punctuation • Sunnah

3. The Legislation: By that time several methodologies were developed Differences in methodology because: 1-Difference in evaluating the source 2-The trend or attitude 3- Linguistic understanding

4. Two major attitudes People of Hijaz People of Iraq (text) (Opinion)

5. The result of this period 1- Different trials to record the Sunnah 2- Recording of the Fiquh ( Jurisprudence) 3-Rulings about events that did not happen 4-The discipline of the roots of Jurisprudence

6. The appearance of geniuses and giants • Companions--followers---followers of the follower- • the Imams • A: Madina: Omar Ibn Al Khattab, Ali Ibn Omar, Zeid Ibn Thabit • B: Mecca: Ibn Abbas----Akramah, Mujahid,Ataai and Al Shafie • C: Kufa: Ibn Masoud----Abu Hanifa and his students • D: Egypt: Abdullah Ibn Amre--Ibn Habib- • -Al Leith Ibn Saad

7. Al-Hadith: 140 Hijri : Muwatta Malik 2nd century: The Masanid 3rd century: The 6 Books Al Bukhari Died 256 H. Muslim Died 261 H. Ibn Majah Died 273 H. Abu Dawud Died 275 H. Al Tirmidhi Died 279 H. Al Nisaii Died 303 H.

8. Abu Hanifa: 80 H (Kufa) --- 150 H (Baghdad) He was a market man, selling velvet His conclusions come after debate Mastered Analogy Skeptical in taking non-mutawatir hadith Hypothetical issues The school is a mixture of his opinion and the opinion of his Students Jailed, tortured, or poisoned?

9. Abu Yusuf: 112H- 193H The distinguished student of Abu Hanifa Became the chief judge at the time of Haroon Al Rashid He imposed “Abu Hanifa “ school Because of this school, Fiqh became a discipline on its own, with rules and regulations It is noticed that none of Abu Hanifa’s students separated themselves from him, The Madhab spread in Iraq, North Africa and India as well as Turkey Some of the rulings of this school : Women : mature women can marry themselves without a “walie” and can hold any position without reservation “ inclined to Ahl Albeit”

10. Malik:93 H. Madina-173 H. Madina from Yemen, lived in Madina, never left Student in Masjid Al Madina Was the teacher of Al Shafie. The way of the people of Madina – more important than the single chain hadith. Disagrees with Shafie on this one, Used analogy, and the public interest Was very reluctant to give Fatwa ,deserted politic His teaching spread in Spain, Moracco, and South Egypt Poor, called for salaried scholarship Leith Ibn Saad gave him money

11. Practical approach: He followed Quran, consensus of the companions the people of Madina, analogy, “urf” (what people agreed as good, the public interest) learned from Jaafar Al Sadiq Some of his opinions: Right of the wife to divorce in case there is a fault that was not revealed before the marriage Paying debts to people more important than Zakat Pregnancy can extend to 3 years Wall to hurt a neighbor should be demolished No fasting of the six days of Shawwal Control over polygamy and divorce Many of his students disagreed with him He was beaten , had shoulder dislocation, was under house arrest

12. Al Shafie: Ghaza 150 – 204 in Egypt Student of Malik Went to Iraq, encountered Ahmed Ibn Hanbal Published his thought in Iraq 198 went to Egypt, revised his thoughts Established “Usul El Fiqh”

13. Ahmad Ibn Hanbal : Persia 164H. – 241H. Baghdad Musnad Ahmad, Scholar of Hadith, teacher of Bukhari and Muslim Only after 4th century that his school came out of Iraq, His School appeared in Egypt at 7th century, settled in Najd His students became extremists Worked in textile shop to help his mother Worked as carrier, transcriber Used to eat fruits that comes out of the farms included that in his teachings His first teacher was Abu Yusuf, then Al Shafie Some of his opinions: Eating fruits coming out of farms Obedience to the ruler Changed Conditions of contracts to be respected Gifts to influential people not allowed The marriage of “Muhalal prohibited

14. Al Shawkani : Yaman 1173 He was a “Zaidi” but rebelled against imitation and infallibilityof Imams Authored 150 books most are manuscripts His definition of imitation : Following others without knowing reasoning from Quran and Sunnah Summary of some of his opinions : 1--All four Imams warned against imitations and generaly refused to have their opinion recorded

15. 2--Saying that following the 4 “Madhab” is a must is Haram 3--Allowing imitation to anyone who can research is Haram “Shirk” 4-- Limiting the authority to the 4 imams is ignorance 5-- Following an imam while you know that he is contradicting the text is a major corruption