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The next step

The next step. England and the great universities. Problems remaining. Elliptical orbits; why? What was the interaction between the Sun and a planet? What explained the spacing of the planets?. Why England. Prosperous times Ascendancy of Oxford and Cambridge

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The next step

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  1. The next step England and the great universities

  2. Problems remaining • Elliptical orbits; why? • What was the interaction between the Sun and a planet? • What explained the spacing of the planets?

  3. Why England • Prosperous times • Ascendancy of Oxford and Cambridge • Creation of the Royal Society (1660) • Philosophical Transactions (1665) • A widespread curiosity about nature

  4. Participants • Robert Hooke - 1635-1703 • Edmond Halley - 1656-1742 • Isaac Newton - 1642-1727 • Christopher Wren - 1632-1723

  5. Hooke • Gifted experimentalist • discovered elasticity • coined the term “cell” • suggested that Jupiter rotated on its axis • recorded images of Mars • suggested that a pendulum could be used to measure gravity

  6. Examined many things with a microscope • studied snow flakes • proposed a theory of evolution • suggested an inverse square law for gravity • discovered diffraction of light • wave theory of light • air made of small particles, widely separated • fellow of Royal Society 1663

  7. On motions • All bodies attract • attraction weakened with distance; 1/r2 • bodies in motion stay in motion; straight line

  8. Halley • Astronomer and mathematician • famous for the discovery of the comet • observed southern stars for the first time • close to Newton

  9. Wren • He, Hooke and Halley tried to find a mechanical explanation for the movements of the solar system • Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford • became the greatest architect of the time

  10. Newton • Farming family in Lincolnshire • father dies, mother remarries • step father dies • he is a poor student • uncle gets him enrolled at Trinity College, Cambridge, law • studies philosophy, mathematics, astronomy

  11. Isaac Barrow becomes Lucasian Professor of mathematics (1663-69), teaches Newton • 1665; Cambridge closed - plague • Newton goes back to the farm for 2 years • discovers differential/integral calculus - 22 years old • experiments with light - white light mixture of colors • 1669 - Newton becomes the Lucasian professor

  12. Elected fellow of the Royal Society; Hooke is president; based on reflecting telescope • presents a paper on light at the RS • Hooke is critical; Newton is outraged • beginning of an ugly relationship • 1684 Halley asks N about the orbit of a planet attracted by 1/r2 • Newton responds - elliptical • Hooke also working on this problem

  13. Advantages: one curved surface no holes easy to make

  14. But Hooke does not publish • N sends manuscript to Halley who urges publishing; Principia appears in 1687 • The description of motions of bodies • Similar to Hooke who is upset and accuses N of theft • Hooke dies • N publishes Opticks • Retires to Royal Mint 1693

  15. Story of the apple • Apples fall to Earth • why doesn’t the Moon fall to Earth? • Newton said it did fall to Earth but missed.

  16. Newton understanding of why the Moon orbited the Earth Critical velocity needed Gravitational force:

  17. Summary of naked eye obs. • Correct view of the solar system • proof of the elliptical orbits • elliptical orbits due to gravity • inverse square law of gravity • role of comets • tides • precession of the equinoxes • period and spacing of planets

  18. Missing • How old? • Why are there planets? • How many planets? • Composed of? • Life on the planets? • History of the solar system. • Examine the Moon and Mars

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