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Introduction to the Practices and Principles of Audio-Visual Archiving

Introduction to the Practices and Principles of Audio-Visual Archiving. International Council on Archives, Section of International Organisations Nairobi, Kenya 25 October, 2007 Martha Hunt, Audio-Visual Archivist United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda .

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Introduction to the Practices and Principles of Audio-Visual Archiving

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  1. Introduction to the Practices and Principles of Audio-Visual Archiving International Council on Archives, Section of International Organisations Nairobi, Kenya 25 October, 2007 Martha Hunt, Audio-Visual Archivist United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  2. What are Audio-Visual Records? • Audio – something that is heard • Visual – something that is seen • An object that: • stores sight and sound • reproduces sight and sound SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  3. History of Audio Recording • Tin-foil “phonograph” • Wax cylinder • Pressed disks (LPs) • Magnetic tape (various formats) • Cassette tapes • CD • Digital audio files SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  4. Henry Fox Talbot Louis Daguerre SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  5. Edward Muybridge SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  6. Flammable Destroyed by studios when no longer financially valuable Nitrate deterioration Nitrate Film SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  7. The British Film Institute Established to “encourage the development of the art of the film, to promote its use as a record of contemporary life and manners, and to foster public appreciation and study of it from these points of view.” SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  8. Cinematheque Francaises • The first national cinematheque, and model for numerous institutions world-wide. • Focused on the public screenings and museum exhibits. SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  9. Acetate Film • Non-flammable “safety” film • 35mm • 16mm • 8mm • affordable for amateur use SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  10. Video • Television • Broadcasting only, not recordable • Magnetic tape used for recording image • First videos too large for consumer use • Various formats developed • Professional quality • Consumer quality (VHS) SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  11. DVD Same shape and physical make-up as CDs Capable of storing large amounts of information Image quality superior to VHS Digital Video Files No longer a physical object Storage space costly Will become more common in the near future DVD and Digital Files SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  12. Goals of Audio-Visual Archiving • Preservation • Public Accessibility SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  13. Problems with film • Nitrate deterioration • Acetate deterioration (vinegar syndrome) • Black and white fading • Color fading • Physical damage to prints SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  14. Problems with video • Drop-outs • Damage in playback • Dust and pollutants • Mould • Binder break-down (stick-shed syndrome) SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  15. Problems with CDs and DVDs • Scratches • Dye-fading • No standards • Uncertain life expectancy SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  16. Points to consider regardingdigitisation • Purpose • Enhanced public accessibility • Preservation • Compression schemes • Lossy vs. loseless • Storage media • LTO • RAID • Technological Obsolescence • Back-ups • Retention of original materials SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  17. Videos Store in a cool, dry, and clean environment Rewind Store in enclosed cases Clearly label case and tape Store on end Limited use Metal shelving CDs and DVDs Store in a dark, clean environment Store in cases Only write on the clear hub of disc to label Store on end Limited use Care and Handling of AV Material SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  18. Preservation of Audio-Visual Materials • Professional formats • DVCAM or DigiBeta • Standardize if possible • Back ups • 2 copies, stored separately • Plan ahead SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  19. Public accessibility of an audio-visual collection • Physical organization • Shelves designed for your material • Intellectual organization • Database should fit your needs • Digitization • Easy to reproduce and distribute • Do the best you can within your budget SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  20. Challenges of A-V archiving • Instability of materials • Multiple formats • Expensive SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  21. Why keep A-V records? • Accuracy of information • Accessible to a wider public • Nuance and meaning SIO AV Archiving Presentation

  22. United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda SIO AV Archiving Presentation

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