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Mars: Sources of Data from the Robotic Missions IV

Geography 441/541 F/19 Dr. Christine M. Rodrigue. Mars: Sources of Data from the Robotic Missions IV. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions. European Space Agency Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present)

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Mars: Sources of Data from the Robotic Missions IV

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  1. Geography 441/541 F/19 Dr. Christine M. Rodrigue Mars: Sources of Data from the Robotic Missions IV C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  2. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • European Space Agency Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present) • Main objective is to search for sub-surface water from orbit and deploy a lander onto the Martian surface • Beagle 2 lander lost on landing in late 2003: It was to look for life signs • (found by MRO HiRISE [2013, 2014] – not a crash: antenna failed) C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  3. C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present) • Orbiter instrumentation: • Analyser of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3) • High/Super Resolution Stereo Colour Imager (HSRS) • Radio Science Experiment (MaRS) • Subsurface Sounding Radar/Altimeter (MARSIS) • IR Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) • Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) • UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM)

  4. C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present) • Orbiter instrumentation: • Analyser of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3) • High/Super Resolution Stereo Colour Imager (HSRS) • Originally developed for the Russian Mars 96 mission: The duplicate, since upgraded • 9 CCD line sensors in pushbroom swaths • Each of these arrays has 5184 7 micron pixels (10 m on ground) • Super Resolution Channel telescope with 1024 x 1032 CCD array that results in 2.3 m pixels on the ground • Multispectral visible light to near infrared imaging plus panchromatic imaging by the forward and aft line sensors • Radio Science Experiment (MaRS) • Subsurface Sounding Radar/Altimeter (MARSIS) • IR Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) • Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) • UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM)

  5. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA High Resolution Stereo Colour imager • New topographic maps • Contour lines: “first ‘hikers’ maps’ of Mars”! Here’s 1:200,000 C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  6. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA High Resolution Stereo Colour imager • New topographic maps • Contour lines: “first ‘hikers’ maps’ of Mars”! Here’s 1:100,000 C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  7. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA High Resolution Stereo Colour imager • New topographic maps • Contour lines: “first ‘hikers’ maps’ of Mars”! And 1:50,000 C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  8. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA High Resolution Stereo Colour imager • Animations based on HRSC and DEMs • Becquerel Crater in northern Arabia Terra and its sulfur-rich sedimentary beds C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  9. C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present) • Orbiter instrumentation: • Analyser of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3) • High/Super Resolution Stereo Colour Imager (HSRS) • Radio Science Experiment (MaRS) • Subsurface Sounding Radar/Altimeter (MARSIS) • Ground-penetrating radar (1.3-5.5 MHz) • Deployed from end of 40 m antenna to generate long wl • Radio waves reflect back upward from any surface discontinuity: surface itself, liquid layers underground • IR Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) • Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) • UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM)

  10. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA MARSIS • The idea behind ground-penetrating radar, which concept you met with MRO's SHARAD C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  11. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA MARSIS • Has found crater basin structures buried in Chryse Planitia C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  12. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA MARSIS • Has found crater basin structures buried in Chryse – dark ovals C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  13. C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present) • Orbiter instrumentation: • Analyser of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3) • High/Super Resolution Stereo Colour Imager (HSRS) • Radio Science Experiment (MaRS) • Subsurface Sounding Radar/Altimeter (MARSIS) • IR Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) • Building map of surface composition in 100 m squares • Determines mineral composition through reflected VL & IR (0.5-5.2 microns) • Because reflected surface light must pass through atmosphere, OMEGA can also infer atmospheric composition • Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) • UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM)

  14. C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA IR Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) • Building map of surface composition in 100 m squares • One focus is water-related/water-affected minerals • Water content of the rocks and clay minerals (Mawrth Vallis) • Abundance of non-silicate materials (carbonates, nitrates, hydrated sulfates), which imply standing water or water alteration (kieserite or hydrated magnesium sulfate in Candor Chasma, Valles Marineris)

  15. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA IR Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) • Building map of surface composition in 100 m squares • Another focus is the carbon dioxide/water composition of the caps • Water does not absorb ~2 microns, and carbon dioxide does • Water does absorb at 1.5 μ • South polar cap shows absorption at 2 μ, implying CO2 (A & B) • Spectrum C shows absorption where A & B don’t ~1.5 μ, indicating more water ice in the mix there C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  16. C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present) • Orbiter instrumentation: • Analyser of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3) • High/Super Resolution Stereo Colour Imager (HSRS) • Radio Science Experiment (MaRS) • Subsurface Sounding Radar/Altimeter (MARSIS) • IR Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) • Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) • Another spectrometer, overlapping part of OMEGA’s spectrum but also including spectra far deeper into the infrared: 1.2-5 microns and then 5-45 microns • This spectrometer focusses more on the atmosphere’s temperature and composition, rather than the surface • UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM)

  17. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) • Vertical temperature structure of Martian atmosphere C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  18. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) • Optical thickness of Martian atmospheric dust (with surface elevation below the reading also shown) C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  19. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) • Water vapor abundance • Concentrated in Arabia Terra, Elysium Planum, Arcadia, Memnonia C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  20. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) • Detection of methane (CH4): the little down blips in the black line ~3018 wave#/cm (red line is reference spectrum for methane) • There are also 3 water lines at 3003.5, 3022, and 3026 • There are 2 solar lines at 3012 and 3014 • Methane (and formaldehyde or CH2O) may indicate either life or recent volcanism, either of which would be really interesting news C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  21. C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present) • Orbiter instrumentation: • Analyser of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3) • High/Super Resolution Stereo Colour Imager (HSRS) • Radio Science Experiment (MaRS) • Subsurface Sounding Radar/Altimeter (MARSIS) • IR Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) • Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) • UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM) • Yet another spectrometer, this one collecting spectra in the UV as well as the IR to study atmosphere and ionosphere • 0.118 - 0.32 in the ultraviolet • 1.1 - 1.7 in the serial infrared (what wireless devices use)

  22. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present) • UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM): • Has detected an aurora on Mars for the first time, in the Terra Cimmeria region of Mars' southern hemisphere • This is one of the localized and intense magnetic anomalies, what’s left of Mars’ global magnetic field C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  23. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present) • UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM): • Has detected ozone, especially above the higher latitudes C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  24. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present) • UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM): • Has confirmed what was long suspected: There is water ice on the south polar cap • Could be a large slab under the CO2 ice visible through “Swiss cheese” holes in the CO2 ice C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  25. Mars: Data from Robotic Missions • ESA Rosetta Mission • To orbit Comet 67 P/Churyumov- Gerasimenko as it comes into the inner solar system and put a lander on its surface • Carried the OSIRIS camera system (wide angle and narrow angle) • Did a gravity-assist swing-by Mars on 25 February 2014 • Dropped Philæ lander which got a lot of data before dying of shade • Orbiter completed its mission 9/30/16 and was crashed into comet C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

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