Unit One Literary Focus Essays

Unit OneLiterary Focus Essays Collection 1: Native American Oral Traditions Collection 2: American Narrative Tradition Collection 3: Political Writing

Collection 1 Literary Focus Native American Oral Traditions

The Granger Collection, New York Native American Oral Traditions Where does your image of American Indians come from? Old Westerns—”cowboy and Indian” movies? Stories about the first Thanksgiving? Longfellow’s epic poem The Song of Hiawatha?

Native American Oral Traditions A Living Oral Tradition Native Americans’ stories have long been told by somebody else. Until the late 1800s, Western scholars thought American Indians had no literature . . . . . . and ignored the oralliteraturepassed down over the centuries: • epic narratives • stories • oratory (speeches) • songs • poems • chants

Native American Oral Traditions Western literature also has its roots in the oral tradition. Ancient Western classics such as the Odyssey and Beowulf were told and retold for centuries long before they were written down.

Native American Oral Traditions Telling Their Own Stories One problem was that scholars had to translate Native American texts from hundreds of different languages. American Indian Writers In recent decades, American Indian writers have revitalized their literature by combining N. Scott Momaday Louise Erdrich Simon J. Ortiz Leslie Marmon Silko • fluency in English • deep understanding of their own languages and traditions

Native American Oral TraditionsGeneralizations Many Cultures, A Shared Tradition Despite different languages and cultures, we can make generalizations about these oral traditions: Native American literature . . . teaches moral lessons and conveys practical information about the natural world. 1. reflects a more inclusive view of the natural world—a world not dominated by human beings. 2. shows an awareness of the power of words to make things happen. 3.

Native American Oral TraditionsGeneralizations Native American literature . . . teaches moral lessons and conveys practical information about the natural world. 1. Consider this brief retelling of a story from the Abenaki people of Maine: After Gluskabe caught all the game animals in the woods, his grandmother made him return them all—much to his dismay. “They’ll die in your bag,” she told him. “That’s not where they live. And then there won’t be any game left for anyone else.”

Native American Oral TraditionsGeneralizations From a brief tale such as this one, people learned important, life-sustaining lessons about • greed, and the need to share with others • the wisdom and knowledge of elders • game management to preserve food supplies

Native American Oral TraditionsGeneralizations Native American literature . . . reflects a more inclusive view of the natural world—a world not dominated by human beings. 2. Animals and humans are often interchangeable in myths and folk tales. Origin myths may feature animals as the instruments of creation.

Native American Oral TraditionsGeneralizations In Western literature, the universe and the natural world are more typically dominated by humans. In Native American literature, animals play important roles, often interacting and working together with humans.

Native American Oral TraditionsGeneralizations Native American literature . . . shows an awareness of the power of words to make things happen. 3. Words are powerful and alive. Words can . . . . . . bring the rain . . . cure the sick . . . destroy an enemy

Native American Oral Traditions The Endless Circle of History Passed on from generation to generation, oral traditions preserve historical continuity. But the oral tradition is also dynamic and responsive to change. the Lakota went to the annual Sun Dance on foot. In pre-Columbian times… they went on horseback. After the Spanish came… they arrive by automobile. In modern times…

Native American Oral Traditions In the European worldview, history is a straight line. In the American Indian worldview, history is an endless circle—like the cycles of the natural world. The “progress” from foot to horse to car is not important. It’s just another way to get to the same place.

Native American Oral Traditions Ask Yourself 1. What three generalizations can you make about American Indian oral traditions? 2. Identify three comparisons between American Indian and Western views of the world. [End of Section]

Collection 2 Literary Focus American Narrative Tradition

American Narrative Tradition A narrative is nothing more than a story—but good stories are central to most enduring literature. When you read narratives, look for • Who is telling the story • What he or she wants you to accept or believe

American Narrative Tradition A Tradition Is Born The American narrative tradition was born of conflict. True events—often violent and controversial—were the basis of many narrative accounts in the nation’s early years. Travel Narratives 1 Tales of Life in North America 2

American Narrative Tradition Travel Narratives 1 During the sixteenth century, Spain sent several expeditions to conquer and colonize North America. Few accounts of these grueling journeys survive.

American Narrative Tradition One important surviving account, first published in 1542, was originally a report to the Spanish king. In La Relación, Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca provides an exciting, firsthand account of the first European experiences in North America.

American Narrative Tradition Tales of Life in North America 2 After 1500, European settlers, longing for land and religious freedom, began to arrive. Narratives by early settlers • described vast opportunities in the “New World” • roused Europeans’ imaginations and ambitions • encouraged new settlers to realize their goals

American Narrative Tradition William Bradford’s important narrative Of Plymouth Plantation was almost lost to history. In 1630, Bradford, leader of the Pilgrims after they landed at Plymouth, began an annual account of life in the settlement. Lost during the Revolutionary War, the document was later rediscovered and published in 1856.

American Narrative Tradition The Bitter with the Sweet Not all narratives were glowing advertisements. Travel and settlement narratives also told of struggle and misfortune. But two other types of narratives especially reveal the terrors and horrors in the New World. Captivity Stories 3 Slave Narratives 4

American Narrative Tradition Captivity Stories 3 As more settlers came, interactions—and friction—between the settlers and Native Americans increased. “Captivity stories” detailed the experiences of settlers who had been kidnapped by Native Americans.

American Narrative Tradition Mary Rowlandson’s story is probably one of the most well-known. A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson (1682) told of the author’s kidnapping by the Wampanoag. Widely read for entertainment, such narratives also contributed to the decline of relations between settlers and American Indians.

American Narrative Tradition Slave Narratives 4 Autobiographical accounts by slaves were one of the most influential forms of early American literature. Many of the accounts tell of the suffering that African slaves endured and of their intense desire for freedom.

American Narrative Tradition Slave narratives supported the abolitionist cause by revealing the horrors of slavery. Such autobiographies as The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) were widely distributed and read. Equiano’s powerful story helped influence the British government to stop the slave trade in 1807.

American Narrative Tradition Ask Yourself 1. Name four types of early American narratives. 2. What are slave narratives, and how did they serve the abolitionist cause? [End of Section]

Collection 3 Literary Focus Political Writing

Political Writing The Power of Reason The American Revolution was fueled by influential political writings supporting independence. The writers who inspired the colonists’ revolt based their arguments on the ideals of rationalism.

Political Writing Rationalist thinkers believe that humans • can discover truth using reason • can use reason to understand natural laws and guide their lives • need not rely only on religious faith or intuition The rationalist movement marked the beginning of the Age of Reason in Europe in the seventeenth century.

Political Writing The rationalists were not non-believers. rationalists believed that God created the natural world and its laws. Like the Puritans… rationalists thought the universe operated without divine intervention. Unlike the Puritans… These beliefs—which were shared by many of America’s Founders—are known as deism.

Political Writing The rationalist idea that all people are free to use reason to better their lives was part of the justification for independence. It’s also the foundation of the most important political documents in American history and literature— the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.

The Granger Collection, New York Political Writing The Argument for Revolt Early American leaders spread their ideas by publishing their words and distributing them to the Colonists. Thomas Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense, published in 1776, is considered by many to be the most important written work justifying independence.

Political Writing Paine applied both rationalist thought and deist principles to his arguments in favor of revolution. Common Sense, only 47 pages long, sold 500,000 copies at a time when the population of the Colonies was a little over 2 million.

Political Writing Founding a New Nation Some early American political writers—such as Paine—aroused passion for independence. Other revolutionary leaders used words—spoken and written—to lay the foundation for the new nation.

The Granger Collection, New York Political Writing In 1775, as the Virginia Convention was debating compromise with Britain, Patrick Henry delivered his famous speech: “Give me liberty, or give me death!” Like Paine, Henry used rationalism to persuade the delegates to arm the Colonists. Henry’s speech was a key step on the road to independence, and his words became a battle cry.

Independence Hall, Philadelphia Political Writing The next year, the Second Continental Congress appointed a committee—including Thomas Jefferson—to draft a declaration of independence. As one of the main authors, Jefferson infused the document with rationalist ideals. The authors took the ideas that inspired their revolt and used them as a basis for the new government.

Political Writing The Declaration of Independence was the first American document to describe an ideal relationship between the people and their government. Underlying this relationship, which emphasized the rights of individuals, was the rationalist belief in humans’ capacity—and freedom—to reason for themselves.

Political Writing Influences on Early American Political Writing Early American political writing was influenced by philosophy, beliefs, events, and even the spread of technology: • ideas and principles from Europe’s Age of Reason, particularly the ideals of rationalism • emergence of deism and its influence on America’s leaders and writers • conflict between British rule and American colonists seeking independence • spread of self-published political writing

Political Writing Ask Yourself 1. In what ways did the philosophies of rationalism and deism contribute to American independence? 2. What role did pamphlets and political speeches play in the decision to declare independence from Britain? 3. How did political writing allow individuals to affect the development of an entire nation? How does this power of the individual reflect the principles upon which the United States was founded? [End of Section]

The End

Unit One Literary Focus Essays