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Eisenhower Presidency

Eisenhower Presidency. Fit American Mood Craved peace and stability Ike “middle of the road” Inspired confidence Dynamic Conservatism Big Picture Delegated authority Reconciled contending factions Governing Style Stayed out of legislative process Let Cabinet do it’s thing

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Eisenhower Presidency

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  1. Eisenhower Presidency • Fit American Mood • Craved peace and stability • Ike “middle of the road” • Inspired confidence • Dynamic Conservatism • Big Picture • Delegated authority • Reconciled contending factions • Governing Style • Stayed out of legislative process • Let Cabinet do it’s thing • Laid-back to public • Ruthless politician • Focused on business principles • Slashed budget • Promoted private development of hydroelectric and nuclear power • Economic advisors (CEA) • Increases government spending in times of recession • Centrist course • Pragmatic • Reduce taxes • Contain inflation • Govern efficiently • Modern Republicanism • Domestic program • Resisted • national health care • Civil rights • Federal aid to education • “Eisenhoover” nickname • Fiscal conservative • 1st priority to balance budget • Successes • Large tax cut for wealthy and business • Increased funding for public housing • Increased minimum wage from .75 to 1.00 • Extended social security • Construction of St. Lawrence Seaway • Interstate Highway System • Great domestic achievement, legacy • 40,000 miles • Election of 1956 • Democrats • Adlai Stevenson • Ike • “Everything booming but the guns” • Landslide victory • Democrats retained control of Congress

  2. Jim Crow in Court • Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953) • Jencks v. United States 1957 • Accused has right to inspect government files used by prosecution • Yates v. United States 1957 • Overturned convictions of Communist party officials under Smith Act • Ended further prosecution of communists • “Impeach Earl Warren” • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954 • Landmark case!!!! • NAACP Thurgood Marshall (lawyer) • Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson • violated 14th amendment and “equal protection under the law” • Federal district judges to monitor • South vowed resistance • Ike wouldn’t force • White resistance increased • Revival of KKK

  3. Civil Rights • Resistance climaxed • Sept. 1957 Little Rock, Ark. • Gov. Orval E. Faubus • President had to intervene • Mobilized National Guard to block desegregation of Central High • 1st President since Reconstruction to use troops to protect rights of African-Americans • Court ordered withdrawal of Guard • Eisenhower forced to back federal laws • Cold war issue • 1956 Campaign • Civil Rights act of 1957 • Established permanent commission • To investigate voting rights issues • Civil Rights act of 1960 • No protection for voting • Didn’t empower federal officials to register African-Americans to vote

  4. Phase 2 of the Cold War • Ike and Dulles • Ike appoints John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State • To appease GOP • “Dulles Diplomacy” • New look for foreign policy • Though containment too passive • Initative to challenge Soviet Union and China • Talked of “liberating captive nations” of Eastern Europe • “Brinkmanship” – never backing down • Threatened “instant, massive retaliation” to Soviet • Eisenhower not happy • No response to uprisings in East Germany (1953) or Hungary (56) • “Atoms for Peace” • Idea for both superpowers to contribute fissionable materials to a new U.N. agency for industrial progress • Spirit of Geneva • 1955, suspension of further atmospheric tests- 1958 • Dulles’ “pactomania” • Mutal defense pacts with 43 nations • “new look” defense program • More nucs • Russia countered with own hydrogen bomb • Nucs actually held superpowers in check • Reduce conventional forces • Early Distant warning system- Alaska • Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center

  5. Phase 2- Cold War • Unrest in 3rd world countries • End of colonization in Africa/Asia • Pawns in Cold War • CIA • Allen Dulles, head of CIA • Covert actions to prevent communism • TR’s grandson • “Operation Ajax” • Overthrow of Iran 1953 • Sowed seeds of hatred • U.S. played major role, oil the issue • Philippines • Guatemala • Operation success • Mercenaries overthrew the government • Had threatened U.S. business interests

  6. Domino Theory • Vietnam Domino • Most expensive operations • Ike refused to send troops • French surrendered 1954 • French had try to “retake” after WWII • Imperialism increased support for communism • U.S. supported France (financially) • Result: • Indochina divided into: • Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam • Vietnam divided at 17th parallel • North Vietnam- Communist • South Vietnam- Democratic • “Domino Theory” • All of SE Asia would follow • US refused Geneva Peace Accords • Created SEATO • South East Asia Treaty Org. • GB, France, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Pakistan, Thailand, and the U.S. • CIA installed South Vietnamese government

  7. Troubles in the Third World • Middle East • Difficult for U.S. to balance maintaining ties with oil rich states and supporting Israel at same time • 1954 Nasser/Egypt “Suez Crisis” • US tried to “woo” with building Aswan Dam • Recognized China instead • Seized the Suez Canal in 1956 • Threatened Western Europe supply line to oil • Joint attack of British, French and Israeli forces 1956 • Did not consult Ike • Supported U.N. resolution to remove allies from Egypt • Eisenhower’s response • Withdraw troops • Anti-western sentiment in Middle East • Britain/ France never again important in world affairs • U.S. became “protector” of Middle- East interests • “Eisenhower Doctrine” 1957 • US would send military aid to any country threatened by communism • Lebanon 1958 • 14,000 troops sent to prevent breakout of civil war between Christians and Muslims • Anti-America • Peru/Venezuela 1958 • Fidel Castro/Cuba 1959 • Overthrows government • Nationalizes businesses, cuts of U.S. trade • Turns to Soviets • Breakdown of peace • Spy plane/Russia 1960 • “Spirit of Camp David”

  8. Eisenhower Legacy • Warning to Americans • Threat to traditional military life • “military industrial complex” • Gave Americans prosperity and reassurance • Tried to prevent war

  9. Affluent Society • Coined by John Kenneth Galbraith 1958 • Broad-based prosperity in America • 1950’s fulfillment of American Dream • 60% owned homes • 75% owned cars • 87% owned one T.V. • GNP up 50% • Despite debt • 3 recessions • Highest standard of living in US ever • “people of plenty”

  10. Industry and Computers • Federal spending major source of economic growth • Doubled in 1950s • Public spending • Roads, airports, home mortgages, supported farm prices, stipends for education • Electronics • Consumption tripled • Oil replaced coal as nation’s industry source • ½ of budget went to defense industries • R & D • New Industries • Plastics, chemicals, general dynamics • 1944 • International Business Machines • Mark I calculator • 500 miles of wiring • 1946 • US Army • ENAIC, 1st electronic computer • “debugged”, literally bugs • Led to development of programs • Changed economy like 1st steam engine, electric motor • Sales to Industry and government • Crucial to IRS • 30,000 by mid 1960s for banks, hospitals, universities, etc. • Silicon Valley 1951 • Stanford Industrial Park • Home to technology core

  11. Costs of Big Business • Rapid technological advances accelerated power of big “B” • 1950: 20 firms over $1 billion • Massive oligopolies formed • TV, Auto Companies • New multinational enterprises • “executives” replaced capitalists • Success required conformity • “the Lonely Crowd” 1950 • No creativity • Changes in agricultural • Scientific and mechanized • Technology cut hours • Factories in the fields • More machines, more chemicals • Changes to the Environment • “Silent Spring” 1962 Rachel Carson • Poisons • DDT • Blue-Collar Blues • Consolidation transformed Labor Movement • 1955 merger of AFL and CIO • 85% of union members • Higher wages, shorter workweeks, paid vacations, health-care coverage, automatic wage hikes • Fewer strikes • Unions more conservative since more workers were in middle class • Decreased in numbers • Automation • New jobs in service sector • 1956 • White-collar workers outnumber blue collar for 1st time • US now “post-industrial” society

  12. Prosperity and the Suburbs • Real income rose • More income spent on luxuries • Credit installment plan • 1st credit card: Diner’s Club Card 1950 • Indebtedness rose • Advertisement increased • 58 million new cars purchased in 1950s • Flashier models • Exodus to the suburbs • Highways constructed • Income tax stimulated home sales • Low interest loans (FHA, VA) • 98% white • 85% of homes built in 1950s • Embodiment of American dream • Greatest internal migration in US history • 20 million • Sunbelt and Cali profited

  13. Consensus and Conservatism • “Togetherness” • 1954 McCall’s Magazine • Ideal couple/family • Wed younger, children younger • Post- war- traditional roles return • Fertility rate rose • Increase in population • Antibiotics • Baby Boom • 1946-1964 • Concern of child-rearing • Dr. Benjamin Spock, • “Baby & Child Care” 1946 • Don’t work, Breastfeed • Less scolding/spanking • Trend • 1950’s schools construction • 1970’s homes • Domesticity • Pop culture glorified marriage • Doris day, Debbie Reynolds • Despite, increasing #s in workforce • Laid groundwork for 1960’s feminism • Religion • Church attendance up • Cold war anxieties • Surge of religious activity • Evangelist: Billy Graham • RC Bishop: Fulton J. Sheen • Prot. Minister: Norman Vincent Peale • Pop Culture • Movies • Ben Hur, Ten Commandments • Songs • “I believe”, “Man Upstairs” • Congress • Added “under God” to pledge • Added “In God we Trust” to currency • Books • Bible sales all time high • Education • Enrollment increased • Progressive educators promoted socialibility • Self-expression over math/science • “well-rounded” students

  14. Culture of the 1950s • Reflected prosperity and fear of Cold War • Art • New York/ Modernism • Jackson Pollack • Literature • Dissatisfaction with jobs and homes • John Clecter’s “The Wapshot Chronicles” 1957 • John Updike’s “Rabbit Run” 1960 • African-American Culture • James Baldwin’s “Go tell it on the Mountain” 1953 • Ralph Ellison’s “Invisible Man” 1951 • Jewish Culture • Bernard Malamud’s “The Assistant” 1957 • Philip Roth’s “Goodbye Columbus” 1959 • Southern Culture • William Faulkner’s “The Town” 1957, “The Mansion” 1960 • Eudora Weltly’s “The Ponder Heart” 1954 • Hollywood • Diminished interest in political issues • Westerns, musicals, spectacles • Working women replaced with dumb blondes • Minorities invisible • Movie attendance down 50% • Message of Medium: TV • 1946: 1 in 18,000 had a TV • 1960: 9 out of 10 • Radio stations transitioned • ABC, CBS, NBC • TV Guide, TV Diners • Retail • Davy Crockett • 1955 Coonskin hats • TV Culture • At 1st showcased creativity and talent • Opera • Documentaries • Sitcoms with ethnic families • As price decreased demand for mass appeal increased • Few with conflict or controversy • Exception “The Honeymooners” • “I love Lucy” controversy • “Leave it to Beaver” the norm • Difficult to assess impact • Racial and gender stereotypes reinforced • Virtually ended network radio • Changed political life • McCarthy Trials, Checkers speech

  15. The Other America • Poverty and Urban Blight • 35 million below poverty line • Bulk lived in inner-city slums • African-Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans • Michael Hummington’s “The Other America, Poverty in the United States” 1962 • Poor trapped in vicious cycle • Need for low-cost housing • Black’s struggle for justice • 1954 Brown decision sparked new civil rights movement • Non-violent resistance • Rosa Parks • Dec. 1, 1955 • Arrested = Montgomery bus boycott • Challenged in Supreme Court 1956 • 1957 SCLC • Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. • Led non-violent sit-ins • Latinos and Latinas • Inadequate schools and housing • Loss of culture • Puerto Ricans • Mexican-Americans • 1951 Bracero program reintroduced • 7.5 million new irrigated acres in SW • Operation “wetback” 1953-1955 • Deportation of illegal immigrants • Supreme Court Decision • Banned exclusion of Mexican-Americans from juries (1954) • Breaking boundaries • 1st Mexican-American mayor 1958 • Roberto Clemente • Native Americans • Poorest minority • 1954-1962: 12 Termination bills of reservations passed • 60.000 relocated

  16. Seeds of Disquiet • Sputnik • October 4, 1957 • 1st artificial satellite launched by Soviet Union • Nov 3, 1957 • Launched another satellite, this time with a dog inside • US response • Dec 6. 1957 “flopnik” • Doubled funds for missiles development • Lead to creation of NASA 1958 • New focus on education • National Defense Education Act 1958 • Math, science, and foreign languages new focus • College enrollment increased • 1.5 billion in new funding

  17. Seeds of Disquiet • Social consequences • Juvenile delinquency • Rock-n-Roll • 1950’s Alan Freed • Bill Haley’s “shake, rattle, and roll” 1954 • First white Rock-n-Roll hit • Corruption of youth, delinquency, mix races, devil’s music • Elvis Presley • Embodied new Rock-n-Roll movement • Developed out of Jazz and R&B • Associated with African-Americans first • Record sales tripled • “American Bandstand” 1960 • Outsiders • Buddy Holly • Frankie Lymon • Richie Valens • Portents of Change • Movies • Marlon Brando in “ The Wild One” 1954 • James Dean in “Rebel without a Cause” 1955 • Beatniks • Revolt against middle-class America • Allen Ginsberg’s “Howl” 1956 • Jack Kerouac’s “On the Road” 1957 • J.D. Salinger’s “Catcher in the Rye” 1951 • Joseph Heller “Catch-22” • Scorned conformity and materialism • “square” America • Romanticized outcasts • Reaction • Scorned by Mass media • Admired by college youth • Advocated spontaneity, rebellion against social standards, drugs • Set stage for youth rebellion in 1960s

  18. End of the “Nifty 50’s” • Revolution on the way

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