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Understanding the Nervous System: Brain, Spinal Cord & Neurons

Explore the brain stem, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. Learn about motor neurons, synapse, and divisions of the nervous system. Discover how neurons transmit messages and the structure of the brain.

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Understanding the Nervous System: Brain, Spinal Cord & Neurons

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  1. Study Aid Pg 4 Paige Downing Zak Kassim

  2. Nervous System page 6! By: Alisha Murray, Holden Jones, Matt Ayers.

  3. Brain Stem? • The brain stem is the lower part of the brain that is made up of Pons, Medulla and the midbrain • It is considered the pathway for ascending and descending tracts (messages)

  4. Parts of the brain stem • Pons- Located in front of the cerebellum, between the midbrain and the medulla-contains the center that controls respiration • Medulla oblongata- bulb-shaped structure between pons and spinal cord, and is responsible for HEART RATE and BLOOD PRESSURE • Midbrain- located right above the pons and the medulla and controls your vision and hearing

  5. SPINAL CORD! • The spinal cord is located in the back and begins at the foramen magnum and continues on to the 2nd lumbar vertebrae.

  6. Description • • White and soft, in spinal canal • • Surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid • • Functions as: 1. Reflex center 2. Conduction pathway to and from the brain

  7. Peripheral Nervous system • All of the nerves of the body and ganglia • Autonomic nervous system is specialized part of PNS

  8. Nervous system Simonton, Venable, Workman, West

  9. Motor Neurons • MOTOR NEURONS (EFFERENT) – carry messages from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

  10. Associative neurons • ASSOCIATIVE NEURONS (INTERNEURONS) – carry impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons

  11. Synapse • SYNAPSE – space between neurons, messages go from one cell to the next

  12. Nerve Impulse • Nerve impulse – A STIMULUS creates an IMPULSE.

  13. Impulse • The impulse travels into the neuron on the dendrite(s) and out on the axon. At the end of the axon, a NEUROTRANSMITTER is released that carries the impulse across the SYNAPSE, to the next dendrite.

  14. Divisions of the Nervous System • 1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – brain and spinal cord • 2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – cranial • nerves and spinal nerves • 3. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM – includes peripheral nerves and ganglia, supplies heart muscle, smooth muscle and secretory glands, involuntary action

  15. The Brain • 3 lb mass of soft nervous tissue

  16. The Brain & Its Coverings • Brock Fuller, Lindsay Brown, Sidney Callahan, & Gabrielle Capps

  17. Nervous System By: Wilma Wearing Ashley Terry Brianna Hargrove & Patric Mason

  18. Central nervous system • Communication and coordination system of the body • Seat of intellect and reasoning • Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

  19. NEURON • Nerve cell • Transmits a message from one cell to the next • Has a nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane

  20. DENDRITES Nerve cell processes that carry impulse to cell body May be one or many

  21. AXON • Carries impulse away from cell body • Only one on a neuron

  22. NEURILEMMA (MYELIN SHEATH) • Covering that speeds up the nerve impulse along the axon • Myelin is a fatty substance that protects the axon

  23. SENSORY NEURONS (AFFERENT) Emerge from the skin or sense organs, carry impulses to spinal cord and brain

  24. The Brain • 3 lb mass of soft nervous tissue • 100 billion neurons 3 lb mass of soft nervous tissue • Protected by skull, three membranes called meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid • Adequate blood supply is needed, brain tissue will die in 4-8 mins with O2 • Divided into 4 major parts: cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem

  25. Coverings of the Brain • Meninges • Dura Mater – outer brain covering, lines the inside of the skull, tough dense fibrous connective tissue. • SUBDURAL SPACE – between dura and arachnoid • ARACHNOID – middle layer, resembles fine cobweb, • PIA MATER – covers the brain’s surface, comprised of blood vessels held together by connective tissue • SUBARACHNOID SPACE - between arachnoid and pia mater,filled with • CEREBROSPINAL FLUID – acts as a liquid shock absorber and source of nutrients for the brain.

  26. Games • http://www.purposegames.com/game/the-meninges-of-the-brain-and-spinal-cord-quiz • http://www.purposegames.com/game/midsagittal-section-of-the-brain-meninges-quiz

  27. Ventricles of the Brain • Brain contains 4 cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid called Cerebral Ventricles • Right and Left Lateral ventricles • Third ventricle behind and below lateral ventricles • Fourth ventricle is below the 3rd.

  28. Choroid Plexus • Network of blood vessels lining the ventricles which helps in the formation of cerebrospinal fluid

  29. Cerebrospinal Fluid • Forms inside ventricles of the brain • Serves as a liquid shock absorber protecting the brain and spinal chord.

  30. Blood-Brain Barrier • Choroid plexus capillaries prevent substances (like drug) from penetrating brain tissue- this makes infections, like meningitis, difficult to cure.

  31. Lumbar Puncture • Removal of CSF from spinal canal, needle puncture between 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae.

  32. Cerebrum • Largest part of the brain • Divided into R and L hemispheres by deep groove (longitudinal fissure)

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