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Metabolism Regulation

Metabolism Regulation. Glands. Three glands control metabolism: Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Anterior pituitary. Thyroid Gland. regulates glucose metabolism regulates growth and tissue differentiation Where is it located? base of neck, anterior to larynx. Thyroid Gland.

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Metabolism Regulation

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  1. Metabolism Regulation

  2. Glands Three glands control metabolism: • Thyroid gland • Parathyroid gland • Anterior pituitary

  3. Thyroid Gland • regulates glucose metabolism • regulates growth and tissue differentiation Where is it located? • base of neck, anterior to larynx

  4. Thyroid Gland

  5. Thyroid Hormones Produces two hormones: • thyroxine (T4) • iodothyronine (T3)

  6. Thyroid Hormone Regulation What is the signal to indicate that thyroid hormone levels should be changed? • change in metabolic rate What detects this change? • hypothalamus • releases thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) to signal to the pituitary What does TRH do? • signals pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

  7. Thyroxine Regulation decreased metabolism hypothalamus TRH decreased blood sugar pituitary gland to release TSH increase sugar metabolism thyroid gland to release thyroxine

  8. Thyroid Hormone Regulation hyperthyrodism = high thyroxine release Cause: • “hot” nodules / Grave’s disease (whole thyroid) Symptoms: • high glucose metabolism • weight loss with increased appetite • anxiety • increased heat release Treatment: • suppressive medication

  9. Thyroid Hormone Regulation hypothyroidism = low thyroxine release Causes: • iodine deficiency Symptoms: • low glucose metabolism • weight gain • fatigue • decreased heat release Treatment: • synthetic hormone medication

  10. Thyroid Disorders: Goiters Why is table salt iodized? • low iodine levels result in enlarged thyroid glands - goiter

  11. Thyroid Disorders: Thyrotoxicosis Cause: • increased thyroid activity Symptoms: • similar to hyperthyroidism • bulging eyes • goiter Treatment: • suppressive medication • radioactive iodine therapy (localized radiation)

  12. Blood Calcium Regulation

  13. Calcium Where is calcium stored? • 99% of calcium stored in bones for structure Roles of calcium: • required for muscle contraction • important in neuronal communication • bone structure maintenance

  14. Bone Structure • living bones are complex tissues • osteoblasts – cell which build bones • osteoclasts – cells which break down bones (release calcium)

  15. Parathyroid Glands • smaller glands within the thyroid gland • responsible for increasing Ca2+ levels in blood • produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)

  16. Calcium Level Regulation hypocalcemia parathyroid gland increased Ca2+ levels release PTH increased Ca2+ uptake in intestines (diet) & kidneys (reabsorption) increases osteoclast activity activation of vitamin D; required for Ca2+ absorption

  17. Calcium Level Regulation • different organ and hormone responsible to decrease high calcium levels • organ = thyroid • hormone = calcitonin

  18. Calcium Level Regulation hypercalcemia thyroid gland decreased Ca2+ levels release calcitonin inhibits Ca2+ absorption by intestines decreases osteoclast activity

  19. Parathyroid Disorders Two types of parathyroid disorders: • hypoparathyroidism • hyperparathyroidism

  20. Hypoparathyroidism Causes: • absent parathyroid from birth • accidental removal upon thyroid removal Symptoms: • decreased Ca2+ levels in blood • sensitive nerves • uncontrollable spasms of the limbs Treatment • daily calcium and vitamin D supplements

  21. Hyperparathyroidism Causes: • tumors on the parathyroid gland Symptoms: • kidney stones • aches & pains • osteoporosis • depression & fatigue Treatment: • removal of parathyroid tissue

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