Technical Writing Workshop

1. Technical Writing Workshop Chemistry 162 Fall 2010

2. Workshop Objectives • Become familiar with the structure and style of scientific writing • Get specific instructions for completing the formal lab report • Learn to avoid common errors in formal laboratory reports

3. Sections of a primary research article • Title • Abstract • Introduction • Methods • Results • Discussion • References

4. Titles - style Informative is better than indicative “Migrating Birds Respond to Radar Electromagnetic Fields” (informative) “Effect of Radar Electromagnetic Fields on Bird Migration” (indicative)

5. Titles - guidelines • Should be specific and concise • Avoid superfluous phrases • “Studies on…” • “Contributions to…” • No abbreviations • Consistent capitalization

6. Exercise 1 • Write both an informative and an indicative title for Lab 3 (Amino Acid Analysis).

7. Abstract - guidelines • One paragraph • <250 words • Avoid abbreviations • Limited or no citations

8. Abstract - content • Background (one clause) • Methods (very limited detail) • Results (key findings) • Conclusions (summarize)

9. Exercise 2 • In small groups, identify each of the content components in the assigned abstract. Grade the abstract A-F. • Select one member of the small group to present your findings to the rest of the class

10. Introduction - guidelines • 3-5 paragraphs • Requires strong logical flow • Requires good paragraph organization

11. Introduction – content • Provide background by introducing the scientific problem • Briefly review relevant prior research • Indicate what the present study will add to the existing knowledge (state hypothesis to be tested) • May end with statement of major result(s)

12. Exercise 3 • Working in small groups: • Outline the Introduction of the assigned paper • Identify the scientific problem or hypothesis • Identify how the present study will address the scientific problem • Grade the Introduction A-F. • Select a different person to present your outline and grade to the rest of the class.

13. Results - guidelines • Length depends on amount of data presented • Avoid repetitive presentations of data • Avoid drawing conclusions

14. Results – style • Build a results narrative that “tells the story” of your research • Organize the results to logically support the problem/hypothesis being tested • Decide on appropriate presentation format for each piece of data • Use the appropriate balance of methods information

15. Discussion - content • Main message • Answers the problem posed in the introduction • How the data support the main message • Comparison of results to the literature • Overall conclusions and future work

16. Exercise 4 • Outline the Discussion of the assigned paper. Grade the abstract A-F. • Select a different member of the small group to present your findings to the rest of the class.

17. References • Avoid paraphrasing – this is a form of plagiarism • Follow ACS format in journal Biochemistry

18. Workshop Objectives • Become familiar with the structure and style of scientific writing • Get specific instructions for completing the formal lab report • Learn to avoid common errors in formal laboratory reports

19. The Formal Lab Report • Include all sections except methods • Title • Abstract • Introduction • Results • Discussion • References

20. The Formal Lab Report • Should reference at least 2 primary research articles • Should be cited in both Introduction and Discussion

21. The Formal Lab Report:Protein Purification Results Data • A plot of protein concentration and enzyme activity versus fraction number • A table showing activity, specific activity and fold purification for the column fractions containing LDH and the original mixture • The percent recovery of LDH • A picture of the SDS-PAGE gel and its associated standard curve and the predicted sizes of the proteins of interest • A copy of your HPLC chromatogram

22. Workshop Objectives • Become familiar with the structure and style of scientific writing • Get specific instructions for completing the formal lab report • Learn to avoid common errors in formal laboratory reports

23. Common Formal Lab Report Errors:Structure • Too much detail in the Abstract • Too long of Introduction • 3-5 paragraphs sufficient • Repetitive presentation of data in Results • Text or Table or Figure • Do not present intermediate data (e.g. present only final calculated protein concentration, not A280 and A260 and final calculated protein concentration).

24. Common Formal Lab Report Errors:Capitalization and Punctuation • Capitalization • Enzyme names are not proper nouns and don’t need to be capitalized. • Capitalize all words except prepositions and articles in the title. • Punctuation • Follow a period with 2 spaces before starting the next sentence. • Rf, not Rf .

25. Common Formal Lab Report Errors:Tables and Figures • Generally, there are two types of non-text data: tables and figures. Graphs, photographs, gels etc. should all be presented as figures. • Table and figure legends should be titles and not necessarily be complete sentences.

26. Common Formal Lab Report Errors:Units • The units should be separated from the value by a space. For example, one may write “The specific activity of the protein in fraction 8 was 14,239 nmol min-1 mg-1” or “The molecular mass of the protein was 17,500 kDa.” • There are two common formats for units. The most common is to use superscripts (nmol min-1 mg-1), and occasionally the dividing symbol is used (nmol/min/mg).

27. Common Formal Lab Report Errors:Abbreviations • Abbreviation should be minimized, but if used, define the abbreviation at its first use. For example, one may write “Purity of the lactate dehydrogenase was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).” • Abbreviation particularly should be avoided in the Abstract.

28. Common Formal Lab Report Errors:Miscellaneous Style Issues • “Fold purification”, not “fold of purification”. • Usually “In order to…” can be condensed to “To…”. • Enzyme names • Writing “the protein lactate dehydrogenase” or “the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase” instead of the more simple “lactate dehydrogenase” is akin to writing “the monument the Washington Monument” instead of “the Washington Monument”.

29. General issues • Remember elements of good writing • Sentence construction • Paragraph construction • Overall organization • Use of passive voice

30. Spelling Counts